Róbinson Rojas, 2001
International
capital: a menace to human dignity and life on planet earth
Notes on globalisation and its effects on developing
societies as explained by structuralism and dependency theory
"Increasing globalisation, which appears as if it was the only way societies can develop in modern times, points to the continuing relevance of structuralist theory as posed by ECLAC since the 1950s, and dependency theory as developed from the early 1960s, in Chile. Both theories view the problems of underdevelopment and development within a global context, as interconnected economic, political and social processes. Dependency theory forecasted that the world system will tend to concentrate production in the hands of relatively few transnational corporations, making of the world market an oligopoly market."
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Andre Gunder Frank - 2002
...on everything...including
dependency theory
An explanation may be due to my many personal and political friends and some
political foes around the world who again and again raise two questions about
whether or not I have changed my mind about dependence and about capitalism, and
if so how and why. The questions have been raised at innumerable professional
meetings in their formal sessions and informally in hallways and restaurants.
They are raised also by many people in their own professional papers and/or
other venues. Moreover, thanks to the internet, I receive an average of at least
one inquiry each week from mostly students whom I do not know all around the
world about dependence and what I now think of it and about capitalism, does it
exist and if not what does? Both questions arise out of their real life
importance and the public policy stands that I have taken to them, which seem
curious to those who have accompanied - and also to the many who by reasons of
age have not- my half century public and active engagement with these vital
issues.
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Kenneth Surin - 1998
Dependency Theory's reanimation in the era of
financial capital
In this paper I examine the claim, advanced in
many quarters and in several versions, that the most recent forms of capitalist
development have effectively discredited theories of uneven or dependent
development, and this because these theories hinge crucially on conceptions that
are no longer plausible theoretically and which have been sidelined by recent
historical events. Thus, the ending of the 'Golden Age' ensued in a radical
restructuring of world capitalism that saw the emergence of new regimes of
international competition. These new regimes have caused many so-called Third
World countries to lurch into protracted recession and the associated problems
of chronic debt and current account imbalances.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1989
Notes on development and dependency
If we are going to address the problem of development in Third World
societies some clarification is necessary:
---the environment is one where the capitalist system of production,
that is, a particular socio-economic system, is forced from outside into
largely rural economies, pre-capitalist economies (not that they were at
an "early" stage leading to capitalism, rather they "were not capitalist"
and, probably, wouldn't have developed capitalist relations of production
from within)..."
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Róbinson Rojas - 1971
The Chilean Armed Forces: a political organization
...The definitive decline of the class of
large landowners began ( a decline that will culminate this year, 1971,
with Popular Unity's land reform ), the industrial bourgeoisie grew,
and the strength of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie was born under the
shadow of the development of the state. They governed in collusion with
oligarchic financial and commercial sectors, while imperialism's
control, aided by the Second World War, became more general and solid.
At the same time, contradictions between industrial bourgeois sectors
and imperialist consortiums acting in Chile began to increase.
The state served these dominant classes and Yankee imperialism...
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Róbinson Rojas - 1992
Dependent capitalist development: Chile (notes)
"Chile is a capitalist country,
dependent on the imperialist nations and dominated by bourgeois groups
who are structurally related to foreign capital and who cannot resolve
the country's fundamental problems -problems which are clearly the
result of class privilege which will never be given up voluntarily."
"Moreover, as a direct consequence of the development of world
capitalism, the submission of the national monopolistic bourgeoisie
to imperialism daily furthers its role as junior partner to foreign
capital, increasingly accentuating its dependent nature."(UP political programme)
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Osvaldo Sunkel - 1985
The Transnational Corporate System
This paper summarizes the
conceptualization of a world economy dominated by transnational
corporations, creating an international political and economic environment where
less developed societies are pushed to "modernize" as dependent capitalist
economies. This notion is, of course, the cornerstone of dependency theory
as created and developed in Santiago, Chile, during the 1960s. I include
Sunkel's text in this section to contribute to the understanding of the basic
tenets of what is known as integrated international production systems.
(Róbinson Rojas, 1990)
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Róbinson Rojas - 1992
The Chilean way to socialism: Popular Unity
By 1970, a large sector of the Chilean population was openly advocating
a revolution. The prevailing revolutionary ideology was one based in
the enormous economic power of the "mobilising state". This ideology
posed the strategy of "making the revolution from inside the state",
gaining the government, that is. That was the basis for the political
programme presented by the Popular Unity (Unidad Popular) for the
presidential elections in 1970
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Fernando H.Cardoso - 1972
Dependency and Development in Latin
America
Latin America from the beginning was somewhat different in its links to
the imperialist process. It is true that this process of colonialistic
penetration obtained with respect to some countries (mainly the
Caribbean nations). Yet throughout most of Latin America, the
imperialistic upsurge occurred by way of a more complex process, through
which Latin American countries kept their political independence, but
slowly shifted from subordination to an earlier British influence to
American predominace.
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Fernando H. Cardoso/Enzo
Faletto - 1969
Comprehensive Analysis of Development
In purely economic terms, the degree of development of a production sector can
be analyzed through a group of variables -the relation between the number of
workers and capital, industrial output per added capital, and so forth- that
reflect the process of structural diversification of the economy. Using this
analysis as a base, the structure of society is deduced principally from the
pattern of income distribution and the structure of employment. However, this
strictly economic analysis can only be related to political and social
development by looking beyond the social structure to its process of formation
and to the social forces exerting pressure to maintain or change it.
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Theotonio Dos
Santos - 1970
The Structure of Dependence
We attempt to demonstrate that the dependence of Latin American
countries on other countries cannot be overcome without a qualitative
change in their internal structures and external relations. We shall
attempt to show that the relations of dependence to which these
countries are subjected conform to a type of international and internal
structure which leads them to underdevelopment or more precisely to a
dependent structure that deepens and aggravates the fundamental problems
of their peoples.
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Salvador Allende
Speech to the UN General Assembly, 4th Dec. 1972
Salvador Allende's speech is a historical document which scholars
should read when trying to understand what kind of reality is
faced by societies struggling for development in a context where
national strategies are brutally constrained by "international
forces". These forces being grouped under banners like "defense
of the democratic system" during the Cold War, or "market forces"/
"globalization" in the post-Cold War era. In this excerpts of
Salvador Allende's speech the "international forces" are very
well individualized...there is no difference between those
forces in 1972 and now, in the 1990s... (Robinson Rojas - 1997)
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Chile - 1969
The Popular Unity's Programme (Alternative
Development)
This political programme, in 1970, represented an alternative way for
development, based on ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH EQUAL ACCESS TO ECONOMIC RESOURCES
AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT WITH EQUAL ACCESS TO POLITICAL RESOURCES for the Chilean
population. Students of development should take a close look to this text,
because, today, more than thirty years since the murderers led by the White
House and the Chilean generals killed Salvador Allende, still is a valid and
consistent "programme for sustainable development" alternative to the capitalist
model which exclude a large portion of society from the fruits of economic
growth, and which also unleashes environmental destruction and unhuman
development.
(Róbinson Rojas, 2003)
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U.S. Senate - 1975
Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973
Was the United States DIRECTLY involved, covertly, in the 1973 coup in Chile?
The Committee has found no evidence that it was. However, the United States
sought in 1970 to foment a military coup in Chile; after 1970 it adopted a
policy both overt and covert, of opposition to Allende; and it remained in
intelligence contact with the Chilean military, including officers who were
participating in coup plotting.
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Eduardo Galeano - 1970
Latin America and the Theory of Imperialism
"Centralized" capitalism can afford the luxury of creating and believing
its own myths of opulence, but myths cannot be eaten, and the poor
nations that constitute the vast capitalist "periphery" are well aware
of this fact. Imperialism has "modernized" itself in its methods and
characteristics, but it has not magically turned into a universal
philanthropic organisation. The system's greed grows with the system
itself.
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| Foreign
Policy IN FOCUS |
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On Peripheral Capitalism |
Search:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
World indicators on the environment
World Energy Statistics
- Time Series
Economic inequality
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From Journal of World-Systems Research, Volume 10, Summer
2004:
Mini-Symposium: Peter Gowan & The "Capitalist World-Empire"
Peter Gowan: Contemporary
Intra-Core Relations and World Systems Theory
Abstract
John Gulick: A Critical
Appraisal of Peter Gowan’s "Contemporary Intra-Core Relations and World-Systems
Theory": A Capitalist World-Empire or U.S.-East Asian Geo-Economic Integration?
Abstract
Terry Boswell: How Can
Anti-Imperialism Not Be Anti-Racist? The North American Anti-Globalization Movement
Abstract
Giovanni Arrighi: Spatial and
Other "Fixes" of Historical Capitalism
Abstract
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Amechi Okolo - 1983
Dependency in Africa: stages of African political
economy
The process of Western incursion and domination of Africa can be
divided into the following five phases:
1. Barbarian domination
2. Imperialist domination
3. Colonial domination
4. Neo-colonial domination
5. Dependency domination
Each phase was manifested both in the Western nations and in Africa;
every capitalist transformation in the West was reflected in the
political economy of Africa.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1992
Notes on ECLAC's structuralism
and dependency theory
Dependency basic point of view was as follows:
-ECLA's structuralist reading of Latin American (and probably the rest
of former colonies) societies as economically "fractured" was correct.
-ECLA's assumption that international trade could take a "fairer"
shape within conditions of capitalist monopolic capital was incorrect.
-ECLA economic theories and critiques were not based on:
----- an analysis of social process
----- an analysis of imperialist relationships among countries
----- an analysis of the asymmetric relations between classes
-Import-substitution strategies, carried out in conditions of capitalist
relations of production dominated by the economic empires led by United
States was a recipe for further "colonization", "domination", and "dependency".
-Old fashioned export-led strategies will have the same results, though
faster.
-There is no possibility of becoming independent, free nation-states
in a world dominated by the capitalist economic-political empires.
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Fernando H. Cardoso/Enzo
Faletto - 1979
Capitalist development and the State
The more developed countries of Latin America are attempting to define
foreign policy objectives that take advantage of contradictions in the
international order and allow these countries some independent policy-
making. But these countries remain dependent and assure an internal
social order favorable to capitalist interests and consequently fail to
challenge one of the basic objectives of American foreign policy.
Multinational enterprises continue to receive support from the foreign
policies of their countries of origin, as well as from local states.
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G.
Palma - 1978
Dependency: A formal theory of underdevelopment or a
methodology
for the analysis of concrete situations of underdevelopment?
May one talk of a 'theory of dependency'? If so, what general implications does
it have for contemporary development strategy? Do we find under the 'dependency'
label theories of such a diverse nature that it would be more appropriate to
speak of a 'school of dependency'? Is it even correct to describe as theories
the different approaches within that school? And if so, what general
implications might each one have for contemporary development strategy?
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin America: a failed industrial revolution
By late XVIII century the Latin American mode of production was in
its final stage of consolidation. In Western Europe the industrial
revolution was in its mid-way to completion. In Latin America there
existed a self-sufficient economic structure shifting vigorously
from mining to agricultural economy.
This development changed colonial Latin America from being outpost
for Spanish and Portuguese plunder to a social formation being
plundered by the force of two alien colonial powers. Thus, a
society was being plundered by another society, and part of the
colonial ruling class wealth was being removed by the Iberian
ruling classes. Therefore, unlike earlier times, even the ruling
class in Latin America (the white creoles) was being submitted to
an external power, and the struggle to get rid of that submission
became more and more apparent.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin America: the making of a fractured society
The concept combining production, distribution, exchange and consumption as
"members of a totality, distinctions within a unity" is a basic analytical
tool within the marxian theory of modes of production. It gives us a basis for
dealing with the mutual interaction between economics and society, ie, the
definite relations between a system of production and its social structure. To
my thesis, this concept is basic for explaining the internal dynamics of Latin
American society
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin America: a dependent mode of production
In the XIX-XX centuries there occurred a second "collision".
This time, between the Latin American mode of production and the
capitalist mode of production. In this process, the colonial social
structure succeeded in adapting capitalist relations of production
(absorbing them gradually), and creating a system of production
that suited the needs of the colonial social structure to remain in
the same state with only marginal modifications.
Therefore, in this phase of development, this non-capitalist
social structure placed boundaries (limits) within which capitalist
relations of production could develop in the system of production
in the region.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin America: on the effects of colonization
Consequently, I focus on the origin, development and internal mechanisms of the
reproduction of Latin America's social structure, arriving at a number of major
conclusions; for example: that U.S. imperialist domination in the region is not
a cause, but an effect of the social and economic structure of the region; that
imperialist domination, underdevelopment, underindustrialization, and
dictatorships are not a "sickness" in the continent, but instances of the
reproduction of a particular social structure, as reflections of the
articulation between capitalist relations of production and a pre-capitalist
social structure, which leads to the conclusion that Latin America's social
structure itself is the cause of underdevelopment, and the barrier to
development.
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Walden Bello - 1998
Speculation, Foreign Capital Dependence and the Collapse
of the Southeast Asian Economies
But the agenda of U.S. economic authorities goes beyond the currency question
to include the accelerated deregulation, privatization and liberalization of
trade in goods and services.
Formerly, the economic clout of the Southeast Asian countries enabled them to
successfully resist Washington's demands for faster trade liberalization.
Indeed, they were able to derail Washington's rush to transform the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) into a free trade area. But with the changed
situation, the capacity to resist has been drastically reduced and there is
virtually no way to prevent Washington and the IMF from completing the
liberalization or structural adjustment of the economies where the process was
aborted (with the significant exception of financial liberalization) in the late
eighties owing to the cornucopia of Japanese investment.
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Jose Carlos
Mariategui - 1924
History
of the world crisis
In this lecture -- let us call it conversation rather than lecture -- will limit
myself to laying out the course’s program, as well as some thoughts on the need
to spread knowledge of world crisis among the proletariat. Unfortunately, in
Peru there is a lack of an educating press which will follow the development of
this great crisis with attentiveness, intelligence, and an ideological
filiation; likewise, there is a lack of university professors, of José
Ingenieros’ kind, capable of being passionate about the ideas of renovation
which are currently changing the world, and of freeing themselves from the
influence and prejudices of a conservative and bourgeois culture and education;
there is a lack of socialist and syndicalist groups, in possession of their own
instruments of popular culture, and thus capable of making the people interested
in studying the crisis. The only popular educational institution, with a
revolutionary spirit, is this institution-in-formation, the People’s University.
It thus falls to it, beyond the modest plane of its initial work, to present
contemporary reality to the people, explain to the people that it is living
through one of the greatest and most transcendental times in history, and infect
the people with the fruitful restlessness which currently moves the other
civilized peoples of the world.
|
Marx/Engels Internet Archive
Important
information about the current state of MIA
February
9, 2007: On January 13th the MIA server was taken down by a sustained denial of
service attack from China. You can still access MIA thanks to our mirror
servers, who have overcome the Chinese attackers. Please note that any e-mail
sent to marxists.org will not work until we have our new server setup by March
1st. You can read the full details of these incidents
here.
|
World
History Archive
The history of neocolonialism in Africa
Bay
of Pigs Invasion
The Central Intelligence Agency: its crimes.
According to the CIA's own definition, covert action means
"any clandestine or secret activities designed to influence
foreign governments, events, organizations, or persons in support
of U.S. foreign policy conducted in such manner that the
involvement of the U.S. Government is not apparent." Before we
explore the various types of covert operations in which the
Agency engages, we should examine one of the methods that the CIA
uses to mask its activities. What is being referred to is the
establishment of "front" organizations, better known as
proprietaries.
R.A.Pastor - 1992
U.S. foreign policy: the Caribbean Basin
Scholars of inter-American relations have devoted considerable efforts to try to
locate the motive for U.S. involvement in the internal affairs of its neighbors.
Instead of a single answer, they have amassed a collection of explanations that
range from security (keep out rivals, maintain stability), political/ideological
(promote democracy, prevent Communism or "alien" ideologies), economic
(imperialism, access to investment or trade), to psychological (an impulse to
dominate, a fear of insecurity, misperception). A particular explanation might
be cogent for a case, but in trying to understand what moves the United States
over time, one needs to look for patterns in the history of U.S. relations with
the region.
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| R.Rojas: El desarrollo del dominio imperialista en Chile |
| E.A.Mance: América Latina,
Dependęncia e Globalizaçao |
| T. Dos Santos: Lula contra la pared |
| A. G. Frank: La dependencia de Theotonio |
|
Textos de Anibal Pinto Santa Cruz:
Sobre planificación:
6.- Algunas cuestiones generales de la política
económica en la América Latina, 1967
1.- Raices estructurales de la inflacion en América
Latina, 1971
Sobre distribución del ingreso:
7.- Notas sobre la distribución del ingreso y la
estrategia de la distribución, 1962
2.- Concentración del progreso técnico y de sus
frutos en el desarrollo latinoamericano, 1965
5.- Factores estructurales y modalidades del
desarrollo; su incidencia sobre la distribución del ingreso, 1967
Sobre dependencia:
3.- Heterogeneidad estructural y modelo de desarrollo
reciente de la América Latina, 1972
4.- Notas sobre desarrollo, subdesarrollo y
dependencia, 1972
8.- El sistema centro-periferia 20 ańos después,
1972
9.- Las relaciones económicas entre America Latina
y los Estados Unidos; algunas implicaciones y perspectivas políticas, 1972
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