On Planning for Development:
rural development
- agrarian policies - agribusiness
- landgrab - food -
migration - poverty
- globalization
|
From The World Bank Group
Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008
This factbook provides a snapshot of migration and remittances for all
countries, regions and income groups of the world, compiled from available data
from various sources.
|
Global Economic Prospects 2006
Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration
WASHINGTON, November 16, 2005 — International migration can
generate substantial welfare gains for migrants and their families, as well as
their origin and destination countries, if policies to better manage the flow of
migrants and facilitate the transfer of remittances are pursued, says the World
Bank's annual Global Economic Prospects (GEP) report for 2006.
“With the number of migrants worldwide now reaching almost 200 million,
their productivity and earnings are a powerful force for poverty
reduction,” said François Bourguignon, World Bank Chief Economist
and Senior Vice President for Development Economics.
“Remittances,
in particular, are an important way out of extreme poverty for a large number of
people. The challenge facing policymakers is to fully achieve the potential
economic benefits of migration, while managing the associated social and
political implications.”
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From The World Bank Group - November 2007
The
International Migration of Women
edited by
economists Andrew R. Morrison, Maurice Schiff, and Mirja Sjöblom.
WASHINGTON, November 26, 2007 — Women make up
almost half the migrant population in the world and their numbers are
increasing, according to a new World Bank report released today.
"The fact that women now account for almost half the total
migrant population is having enormous effects on development,"
says Andrew Morrison, lead economist at the World Bank's Gender
Group."Women are sending lots of money to their
families back home, and evidence from rural Mexico shows that their
migration leads to positive economic effects for the homes they leave
behind."
Between 1960 and 2005, the percentage of international migrants who
are women increased by almost 3 percentage points from 46.7 percent to
49.6 percent, to a total number of approximately 95 million women,
according to the new World Bank volume, The International
Migration of Women, edited by economists Andrew R.
Morrison, Maurice Schiff, and Mirja Sjöblom.
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From Africa Renewal, Volume 19 No. 4. January 2006
African migration: from tensions to
solutions
Migrants who leave their countries in search of work are currently
not adequately protected by international law.
|
|
DP2005/07
David M.
Malone and Heiko Nitzschke:
Economic
Agendas in Civil Wars: What We Know, What We Need to Know
(PDF
135KB)
The political economy of civil wars has acquired unprecedented scholarly and policy
attention. Among others, the International Peace Academy’s programme on Economic
Agendas in Civil Wars (EACW) has aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the
complex dynamics of civil war economies and has identified areas for policy
development critical for improved conflict prevention, conflict resolution, and postconflict
peacebuilding. While much of the earlier debate on the economic dimensions
has been polarized around the ‘greed versus grievance’ dichotomy, there is now a better
understanding of how economic dynamics can influence the onset, character, and
duration of armed conflicts. This paper discusses key research findings and their policy
relevance, provides a preliminary assessment of policy efforts to address the economic
dimensions of conflict and conflict transformation, and offers some issues for further
research and policy action.
DP2005/05
Tony Addison:
Post-Conflict
Recovery: Does the Global Economy Work for Peace?
(PDF
96KB)
Countries as diverse as Afghanistan, Angola, and Sierra Leone are now attempting to
recover from major wars, often amidst continuing insecurity. The challenge is to
achieve a broad-based recovery that benefits the majority of people. The economic and
social recovery of conflict-affected countries cannot be separated from their interaction
with the rest of the world through flows of finance, goods, and people. Unfortunately,
the global economy is not working well for peace. Trade reform, in particular, must take
account of the need to create better, and non-violent, livelihoods for the world’s poor:
rich-country protectionism in agriculture hinders broad-based recovery and thereby
harms the new international security agenda. Post-conflict economies also need more
external finance to support early institutional development and reform, thereby
increasing the effectiveness of longer-term aid inflows.
RP2005/15
Amos Sawyer: Social
Capital, Survival Strategies, and their Potential for Post-Conflict Governance
in Liberia (PFD 93KB)
RP2005/42
P. B. Anand: Getting
Infrastructure Priorities Right in Post-Conflict Reconstruction (PDF 121KB)
RP2005/52
Liisa Laakso: Beyond
the Notion of Security Community: What Role for the African Regional
Organizations in Peace and Security? (PDF
94KB)
RP2005/51
Jennifer Widner: Constitution
Writing and Conflict Resolution (PDF 101KB)
RP2005/50
Joseph Hanlon: Is
the International Community Helping to Recreate the Pre-Conditions for War in
Sierra Leone? (PDF 94KB)
RP2005/48
Saman Kelegama: Transforming
Conflict with an Economic Dividend: The Sri Lankan Experience (PDF
87KB)
RP2005/44
Ghassan Dibeh: The
Political Economy of Postwar Reconstruction in Lebanon (PDF
173KB)
RP2006/18
Marcia Byrom Hartwell: Violence
in Peace: Understanding Increased Violence in Early Post-Conflict Transitions
and Its Implications for Development (PDF
86KB)
RP2006/19
Arjan de Haan: Migration
in the Development Studies Literature: Has It Come Out of Its Marginality?
(PDF 140KB)
DP2003/72
Raimo Väyrynen: Illegal
Immigration, Human Trafficking, and Organized Crime (PDF
227KB)
DP2003/68
Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen: Asylum
Policy in the West: Past Trends, Future Possibilities (PDF
231KB)
DP2003/64
Riccardo Faini:
Is
the Brain Drain an Unmitigated Blessing?
(PDF
200KB)
Increasingly, immigration policies tend to favour the entry of skilled workers, raising
substantial concerns among sending countries. The ‘revisionist’ approach to the analysis
of the brain drain holds that such concerns are largely unwarranted. First, sustained
migratory flows may be associated with an equally large flow of remittances. Second,
migrants may return home after having acquired a set of productive skills. Finally, the
ability to migrate abroad may boost the incentive to acquire skills by home residents.
This paper takes a further look at the link between skilled migration, education, and
remittances. It finds little support for the revisionist approach. First, a higher skilled
content of migration is found to be associated with a lower flow of remittances. Second,
there is little evidence suggesting that raising the skill composition of migration has a
positive effect on the educational achievements in the home country.
DP2003/59
Catherine Phuong: Controlling
Asylum Migration to the Enlarged EU (PDF
217KB)
DP2003/48
Elizabeth Thomas-Hope: Irregular
Migration and Asylum Seekers in the Caribbean (PDF
306KB)
DP2003/41
Jonathon W. Moses and Bjørn Letnes: If
People were Money: Estimating the Potential Gains from Increased
International Migration (PDF 215KB)
DP2003/35
Philip Martin: Economic
Integration and Migration: The Mexico-US Case (PDF
236KB)
DP2003/34
Géraldine Chatelard: Iraqi
Forced Migrants in Jordan: Conditions, Religious Networks, and the
Smuggling Process (PDF 230KB)
DP2003/31
Stephen Castles and Sean Loughna:
Trends
in Asylum Migration to Industrialized Countries: 1990-2001
(PDF
420KB)
The purpose of this paper is to outline trends and patterns in movements of asylumseekers
to Western so-called industrialized countries from 1990-2001. The paper begins
by characterizing three distinct phases of asylum migration since the end of the Second
World War. It then provides background material on global refugee and asylum
movements, using statistics from UNHCR. The data for selected receiving countries and
regions is discussed, followed by some remarks on changing routes used by asylumseekers.
The selected countries and regions are Australia, Canada, the EU and the USA.
Finally, we examine some of the causal factors behind asylum migration and attempt to
identify their significance upon flows migration.
DP2003/29
Andrés Solimano: Development
Cycles, Political Regimes and International Migration: Argentina in the
Twentieth Century (PDF 405KB)
DP2003/27
Ana María Iregui: Efficiency
Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An
Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model (PDF
236KB)
DP2003/24
Susan F. Martin, Andrew I. Schoenholtz and David Fisher:
Impact
of Asylum on Receiving Countries
(PDF
204KB)
Whereas asylum seekers and the systems for adjudicating their claims to refugee status in
developed countries have garnished considerable attention and, often, have been at the centre of
political controversy, there has been relatively little research on their actual impact on receiving
countries. This article discusses the factors that determine the impact of asylum, as distinct from
other forms of migration, concluding that the number of asylum seekers, government policies
and socioeconomic characteristics all determine the impact of asylum. Hence, the impacts of
asylum can differ significantly from country to country. Even within the same country, one
could expect to see varied impacts depending on the age, education and skill level of individual
asylum seekers. The paper then examines the fiscal, economic, and social impacts of asylum, as
well as its impact on foreign policy and national security. It concludes with an examination of
the impact of developed countries’ asylum policies on the protection of refugees in developing
countries. When refugee protection has been weakened in economically strong states and
asylum restrictions are perceived as burden shifting, international protection in the developing
world where most refugees try to survive has been undercut.
DP2003/23
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson:
What
Fundamentals Drive World Migration?
(PDF
232KB)
Governments in the OECD note rising immigration with alarm and grapple with policies aimed
at selecting certain migrants and keeping out others. Economists appear to be well armed to
advise governments since they are responsible for an impressive literature that examines the
characteristics of individual immigrants, their absorption and the consequences of their
migration on both sending and receiving regions. Economists are, however, much less well
armed to speak to the determinants of the world migrations that give rise to public alarm.
This paper offers a quantitative assessment of the economic and demographic fundamentals that
have driven and are driving world migration, across different historical epochs and around the
world. The paper is organized around three questions: How do the standard theories of
migration perform when confronted with evidence drawn from more than a century of world
migration experience? How do inequality and poverty influence world migration? Is it useful to
distinguish between migration pressure and migration ex post, or between the potential demand
for visas and the actual use of them?
A
Spanish translation of DP 2003/23 appears in
Revista
Asturiana de Economía, No. 30: 7-36.
¿Cuáles
son las causas que mueven la migración mundial? (PDF
521KB)
DP2003/10
Timothy M. Shaw:
Conflict
and Peace-building in Africa: The Regional Dimensions
(PDF
590KB)
Contemporary Africa reveals a range of causes, consequences and responses to conflicts
which are increasingly interrelated as well as regional in character, as around the Great
Lakes/Horn. Their economic and non-state features are undeniable, leading to some
promising possibilities in terms of ‘track-two’ diplomacy both on and off the continent,
such as the ‘Kimberley Process’ around ‘blood’ diamonds. Development corridors and
trans-frontier peace-parks may also constitute innovative ways to moderate and contain
conflict. As often, changeable African cases challenge established assumptions,
analyses and policies, such as those around civil society, governance, regional and
security studies.
DP2003/20:
Khalid Koser and Nicholas Van Hear:
Asylum
Migration and Implications for Countries of Origin
(PDF
197KB)
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize what is known about the influence of asylum
migration on countries of origin. It combines an analysis of data, a review of the
literature and empirical examples from our own research. In the first section we
consider the effects of the absence of refugees on countries of origin, focusing on the
scale of movements, the characteristics of refugees, where they go and their length of
time in exile. In the second section, we review the evidence about the influence of
asylum-seekers and refugees on their country of origin from exile. Third, we consider
the implications for countries of origin of the return of asylum-seekers and refugees.
The conclusion acknowledges the limited state of current knowledge and draws out
some policy implications.
DP2003/19
Claudia Tazreiter: Asylum-seekers
as Pariahs in the Australian State: Security Against the Few
(PDF 195KB)
DP2003/89 Andrés
Solimano: Remittances
by Emigrants: Issues and Evidence (PDF
231KB)
DP2003/20:
Khalid Koser and Nicholas Van Hear: Asylum
Migration and Implications for Countries of Origin (PDF
197KB)
DP2003/19
Claudia Tazreiter: Asylum-seekers
as Pariahs in the Australian State: Security Against the Few
(PDF 195KB)
DP2003/18
Svetlana P. Glinkina and Dorothy J. Rosenberg: Social
and Economic Decline as Factors in Conflict in the Caucasus
(PDF 1023KB)
DP2003/10
Timothy M. Shaw: Conflict
and Peace-building in Africa: The Regional Dimensions (PDF
590KB)
DP2003/78 George
J. Borjas: The
Economic Integration of Immigrants in the United States: Lessons for
Policy (PDF 158KB)
-------------------
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From The World Bank
Group
International
Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain
International Migration Reduces Poverty in Developing
Countries, But Results in Massive Brain Drain for Some.-
October 24, 2005, Washington, D.C—Migrants' remittances reduce poverty in developing
countries, but massive emigration of highly-skilled citizens poses troubling dilemmas for
many smaller low-income countries, a new World Bank research study finds. International
Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, a study produced by the Bank's research
department, includes a detailed analysis of household survey data in Mexico, Guatemala and
the Philippines---all countries that produce millions of migrants---which concludes that
families whose members include migrants living abroad have higher incomes than those with
no migrants.
------------------ |
R. H. Adams (2003):
International migration, remittances, and
the brain drain; a study of 24 labour exporting countries
While the level of international migration and remittances continues to grow,
data on international migration remains unreliable. At the international level,
there is no consistent set of statistics on the number or skill characteristics
of international migrants. At the national level, most labor-exporting countries
do not collect data on their migrants. Adams tries to overcome these problems by
constructing a new data set of 24 large, labor-exporting countries and using
estimates of migration and educational attainment based on United States and
OECD records. He uses these new data to address the key policy question: How
pervasive is the brain drain from labor-exporting countries? Three basic
findings emerge: With respect to legal migration, international migration
involves the movement of the educated. The vast majority of migrants to both the
United States and the OECD have a secondary (high school) education or higher.
While migrants are well-educated, international migration does not tend to take
a very high proportion of the best educated. For 22 of the 33 countries in which
educational attainment data can be estimated, less than 10 percent of the best
educated (tertiary-educated) population of labor-exporting countries has
migrated. For a handful of labor-exporting countries, international migration
does cause brain drain. For example, for the five Latin American countries
(Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica and Mexico) located closest
to the United States, migration takes a large share of the best educated. This
finding suggests that more work needs to be done on the relationship between
brain drain, geographical proximity to labor-receiving countries, and the size
of the (educated) population of labor-exporting countries. |
From "State of
the World Population", UNFPA, 2004:
Migration and Urbanization
----- |
The Center for Public Integrity
(2002)
The business of war
Making a Killing: The
Business of War
Privatizing Combat, the New
World Order
Marketing the New 'Dogs of
War'
Greasing the Skids of
Corruption
The Curious Bonds of Oil
Diplomacy
Conflict Diamonds are
Forever
The Adventure Capitalist
The Influence Peddlers
The Field Marshal
Drugs, Diamonds and Deadly
Cargoes
The Merchant of Death
---------------- |
Migration Police Institute
------------------------- |
From Capitulos -
SELA
International
Migrations in Latin America and the Caribbean
Edition No. 65 May-August 2002
---------- |
| International Organization for Migration (OIM) |
Human Development
Research Papers: Topical background research for the
Human
Development Report 2009
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
- de Haas,
Hein,
Mobility
and Human Development" [511 KB]
This paper argues that mobility and migration have always been an intrinsic part of human
development. Migration can be considered as a fundamental capabilities-enhancing freedom
itself. However, any meaningful understanding of migration needs to simultaneously analyse
agency and structure. Rather than applying dichotomous classifications such as between forced
and voluntary migration, it is more appropriate to conceive of a continuum running from low to
high constraints under which migration occurs, in which all migrants deal with structural
constraints, although to highly varying degrees. Besides being an integral part of human
development, mobility also tends to affect the same structural processes of which it is part.
Simplistic positive-versus-negative debates on migration and development can be overcome by
integrating agency-structure dialectics in the analysis of migration impacts. This paper argues
that (i) the degree to which migrants are able to affect structural change is real but limited; (ii)
the nature of change in sending and receiving is not pre-determined; and (iii) that in order to
enable a more focused and rigorous debate, there is a need to better distinguish and specify
different levels and dimensions at which the reciprocal relationship between human mobility and
development can be analysed. A critical reading of the empirical literature leads to the
conclusion that it would be naïve to think that despite their often considerable benefits for
individuals and communities, migration and remittances alone can remove more structural
development constraints. Despite their development potential, migrants and remittances can
neither be blamed for a lack of development nor be expected to trigger take-off development in
generally unattractive investment environments. By increasing selectivity and suffering among
migrants, current immigration restrictions have a negative impact on migrants’ wellbeing as well
as the poverty and inequality reducing potential of migration.
- Hanson,
Gordon H.,
The
Governance of Migration Policy " [246 KB]
In this paper, I examine high-income country motives for restricting immigration. Abundant
evidence suggests that allowing labor to move from low-income to high-income countries would
yield substantial gains in global income. Yet, most high-income countries impose strict limits on
labor inflows and set their admission policies unilaterally. A core principle underlying the
World Trade Organization is reciprocity in tariff setting. When it comes to migration from poor
to rich countries, however, labor flows are rarely bidirectional, making reciprocity moot and
leaving labor importers with all the bargaining power. One motivation for barriers to labor
inflows is political pressure from groups that are hurt by immigration. Raising immigration
would depend on creating mechanisms to transfer income from those that immigration helps to
those that it hurts. Another motivation for immigration restrictions is that labor inflows from
abroad may exacerbate distortions in an economy associated with redistributive tax and transfer
policies. Making immigration more attractive would require creating mechanisms that limit the
negative fiscal impacts of labor inflows on natives. Fiscal distortions create an incentive for
receiving countries to screen immigrants according to their perceived economic impact. For high
skilled immigrants, screening can be based on educational degrees and professional credentials,
which are relatively easy to observe. For low skilled immigrants, illegal immigration represents
an imperfect but increasingly common screening device. For policy makers in labor-importing
nations, the modest benefits freer immigration brings may simply not be worth the political
hassle. To induce high-income countries to lower border barriers, they need to get more out of
the bargain.
- Facchini,
Giovanni and Anna Maria Mayda,
"The
Political Economy of Immigration Policy " [316 KB]
We analyze a newly available dataset of migration policy decisions reported by governments to
the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs between 1976 and 2007. We
find evidence indicating that most governments have policies aimed at either maintaining the
status quo or at lowering the level of migration. We also document variation in migration policy
over time and across countries of different regions and income levels. Finally, we examine
patterns in various aspects of destination countries’ migration policies (policies towards family
reunification, temporary vs. permanent migration, high-skilled migration). This analysis leads us
to investigate the determinants of migration policy in a destination country. We develop a
political economy framework in which voter attitudes represent a key component. We survey the
literature on the determinants of public opinion towards immigrants and examine the link
between these attitudes and governments’ policy decisions. While we find evidence broadly
consistent with the median voter model, we conclude that this framework is not sufficient to
understand actual migration policies. We discuss evidence which suggests that interest-groups
dynamics may play a very important role.
- Ghosh,
Jayati - 2009
Migration
and Gender Empowerment : Recent Trends and Emerging Issues
Women are increasingly significant as national and international migrants, and it is now evident
that the complex relationship between migration and human development operates in genderdifferentiated
ways. However, because migration policy has typically been gender-blind, an
explicit gender perspective is necessary. This paper attempts this, beginning with an examination
of recent trends in women’s migration, internationally and within nations. It then considers the
implications of the socio-economic context of the sending location for women migrants. The
process of migration, and how that can be gender-differentiated, is discussed with particular
reference to the various types of female migration that are common: marriage migration, family
migration, forced migration, migration for work. These can be further disaggregated into legal
and irregular migration, all of which affect and the issues and problems of women migrants in
the process of migration and in the destination country. The manifold and complex gendered
effects of migration are discussed with reference to varied experiences. Women migrants’
relations with the sending households and the issues relevant for returning migrants are also
considered. The final section provides some recommendations for public policy for migration
through a gender lens.
- Bakewell,
Oliver - 2009
South-South
Migration and Human Development : Reflections on African Experiences
This paper looks at the relationship between migration between developing countries – or
countries of the global ‘South’ – and processes of human development. The paper offers a
critical analysis of the concept of South-South migration and draws attention to four fundamental
problems. The paper then gives a broad overview of the changing patterns of migration in
developing regions, with a particular focus on mobility within the African continent. It outlines
some of the economic, social and political drivers of migration within poor regions, noting that
these are also drivers of migration in the rest of the world. It also highlights the role of the state
in influencing people’s movements and the outcomes of migration. The paper highlights the
distinctive contribution that migration within developing regions makes to human development
in terms of income, human capital and broader processes of social and political change. The
paper concludes that the analysis of migration in poorer regions of the world and its relationship
with human development requires much more data than is currently available.
|
S. V. Lall, H. Selod and Z. Zmarak
- 2006
Rural-urban migration in developing countries : a survey of theoretical predictions and
empirical findings
The migration of labor from rural to urban areas is an important part of the
urbanization process in developing countries. Even though it has been the focus
of abundant research over the past five decades, some key policy questions have
not found clear answers yet. To what extent is internal migration a desirable
phenomenon and under what circumstances? Should governments intervene and, if
so, with what types of interventions? What should be their policy objectives? To
shed light on these important issues, the authors survey the existing
theoretical models and their conflicting policy implications and discuss the
policies that may be justified based on recent relevant empirical studies. A key
limitation is that much of the empirical literature does not provide structural
tests of the theoretical models, but only provides partial findings that can
support or invalidate intuitions and in that sense, support or invalidate the
policy implications of the models. The authors' broad assessment of the
literature is that migration can be beneficial or at least be turned into a
beneficial phenomenon so that in general migration restrictions are not
desirable. They also identify some data issues and research topics which merit
further investigation.
|
International
Organization for Migration
As the
leading international organization for migration, IOM works with migrants
and governments to provide humane responses to the growing migration
challenges of today. Since its establishment in 1951 as an intergovernmental
organization to resettle European displaced persons, refugees and migrants,
IOM has extended its reach to encompass a variety of migration management
activities throughout the world.
IOM’s
activities are implemented in the following regions:
Africa
and the Middle East - The
Americas -
Asia
and Oceania -
Europe
IOM’s
activities also cover a wide range of service areas. These are:
Migration
and Development
Migration
& Economic/Community Development
Capacity
Building Through Qualified Human Resources & Experts
Migration
Health
Migration
Health Assessment
Migration
Health Assistance & Advice
Post-emergency
Migration Health Assistance
Facilitating
Migration
Labour
Migration
Migrant
Processing & Assistance
Migrant
Integration
Facilitating
Migration
Movement,
Emergency and Post-Conflict
Resettlement
Assistance
Repatriation
Assistance
Emergency
& Post-emergency Operations
Regulating
Migration
Return
Assistance to Migrants & Governments
Counter-Trafficking
Technical
Cooperation on Migration Management & Capacity Building
Claims
Programmes
Forced
Labour Compensation Programme, Germany
Holocaust
Victim Assets Programme
Iraq
Property Claims Programme
Humanitarian
& Social Programmes
General
Support Programmes
Migration
Policy & Research
Stranded
Migrant Facility
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Cai Fang, 2000
The invisible hand and visible feet:
internal migration in China
As a part of traditional planned economy, population migration and labor
mobility in China were strictly controlled by the authorities before the 1980s.
To be more precise, cross-regional migration was controlled by public
security departments and it was almost impossible to make any rural-urban
migration without authoritative plans or official agreement; Industrial
transfer of labor force was controlled by departments of labor and personnel
management, and there was no free labor market at all. But the most strictly
controlled were the transfer from rural to urban areas, and from farmers to
non-agricultural workers. This control has functioned through the Household
Registration System (Hukou System), a typical Chinese registration system
of permanent residence that segregates rural and urban areas strictly.
|
ALERTNET (The Reuter Foundation)
Reuters AlertNet is a humanitarian news network based around a
popular website. It aims to keep relief professionals and the wider public
up-to-date on humanitarian crises around the globe. AlertNet attracts upwards of ten million users a year, has a network of 400
contributing humanitarian organizations and its weekly email digest is received
by more than 26,000 readers.
It was started in 1997 by Reuters Foundation - an educational and
humanitarian trust - to place Reuters' core skills of speed, accuracy and
freedom from bias at the service of the humanitarian community.
AlertNet has won a Popular Communication award for technological innovation,
a NetMedia European Online Journalism Award for its coverage of natural
disasters and has been named a Millennium Product by the British Government --
an award for outstanding applications of innovative technologies.
|
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees
Le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés a été créé le 14
décembre 1950 par l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies, avec pour mandat de
coordonner l'action internationale pour la protection des réfugiés et de
chercher des solutions aux problèmes des réfugiés dans le monde.
Le but
premier de l'UNHCR est de sauvegarder les droits et le bien-être des réfugiés.
L'agence s'efforce ainsi d'assurer pour tout le respect du droit à demander
l'asile et à trouver refuge dans un autre État. A terme, les solutions qu'elle
met en œuvre sont le retour dans le pays d'origine, l'intégration dans le pays
d'accueil ou la réinstallation dans un pays tiers.
En plus de cinquante
ans d'activité, l'agence a aidé environ 50 millions de personnes à recommencer
leur vie. Aujourd'hui, 6 289 employés continuent d'aider environ 32,9 millions
de personnes dans 111 pays.
En 1954 et en 1981 le Prix Nobel de la Paix
a été décerné à l’UNHCR.
|
Global IDP Project
The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), established in 1998 by the
Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), is the leading
international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide.
Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and
international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the
globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts
or human rights violations.
At the request of the United Nations, the
Geneva-based IDMC runs an online database
providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in
some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the
Centre advocates
for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with
international standards. The IDMC also carries out training
activities to enhance the capacity of local actors to respond to the needs of
internally displaced people (IDPs). In its work, the Centre cooperates with and
provides support to local and national civil
society initiatives.
|
P. S. Douma (2001):
The political economy of internal conflict:
A review of contemporary trends and isues
|
University of Oxford
Refugee Studies
Centre
The Refugee Studies Centre (RSC) was established in 1982 as part of the University of
Oxford's Department of
International Development (QEH). It has international reputation as
the leading multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching on the causes and
consequences of forced migration.
Forced Migration Review
Forced Migration Review (FMR) is published three times a year
in English, Arabic, Spanish and French by the Refugee Studies Centre of the
Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford. FMR is
available free of charge in print and online. Since it was launched in 1987 it
has gained a global reputation as the most widely read publication on refugee
and internal displacement issues.
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B. S. Chimni (2000)
Globalisation, Humanitarianism and the
Erosion of Refugee Protection
The Dominance of Transnational Capital
The material reality is, however, given shape by transnational capital, which is unifying
the globe in a bid to maximise returns as opposed to human development. Thus, the
assets of the top three billionaires in the world are more than the combined GNP of all
the least developed countries and their 600 million people (HDR 1999: 3). Yet, there
is insufficient recognition that internal conflicts may be traced to shrinking shares of
marginalised peoples in the globalisation process. Evidence of the one-sided
globalisation process may be seen in the following examples from the field of
international law.
Since the early eighties, coinciding incidentally with the beginnings of the nonentrée
regime, Northern states have pushed through the adoption of a network of
international instruments that seek to remove ‘national’ impediments to the entry,
establishment and operation of transnational capital
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United Nations:
Peace and Security Portal
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Report of the Panel
of United Nations on Peace
Operations 2000
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United Nations:
Conflict and Sustainable Development in Africa -1998
On 25 September 1997, the Security Council convened at the level of Foreign
Ministers to consider the need for a concerted international effort to promote
peace and security in Africa. The Council observed that despite the progress
achieved by some African States the number and intensity of armed conflicts on
the continent remained a matter of grave concern, requiring a comprehensive
response. The Council requested that I submit a report regarding the sources of
conflict in Africa, ways to prevent and address those conflicts, and how to lay
the foundation for durable peace and economic growth following their resolution.
In accordance with the wishes of the Council, and because the scope of the
challenge extends beyond the purview of the Security Council alone, I hereby
submit this report not only to the Security Council but also to the General
Assembly and other components of the United Nations system that have
responsibilities in Africa, including the Bretton Woods institutions.
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J.Hammond - 1985
Famines: Myths, Media and Misundertanding
The scale and complexity of the problems of the Sub-saharan food crisis
are compounded by the partial diagnoses and oversimplified perceptions
of northern media and aid agencies over the past year. The Western
response to the famines will be dealt with later in the magazine in Mary
Wright's analysis of the role of publicity and the media. But it might
be helpful at this point to examine some of the prevalent
misconceptions. Myths are powerful, especially when they operate not
only in the minds of the general public but also in those in a position
to influence future developments.
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UNRISD: The War-Torn Societies Project |
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