Journal of Human Development, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2007
Amartya Sen, the World Bank, and the
Redress of Urban Poverty: A Brazilian Case
Study
Alexandre Apsan Frediani
While there is some suggestion of a re-orientation in the World
Bank’s income-cantered conceptualization of poverty to one based on
Amartya Sen’s concept of ‘development as freedom’, it is hard to uncover
definitive evidence of such a re-orientation from a study of the Bank’s
urban programmes in Brazil. This paper attempts an application of Sen’s
capability approach to the problem of improving the urban quality of life,
and contrasts it with the World Bank’s approach, with specific reference to
a typical squatter upgrading project in Novos Alagados in Salvador da
Bahia, Brazil.
|
Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula - 2007
The Urbanization of Global Poverty
We provide new evidence on the extent to which absolute poverty has urbanized in the developing world,
and what role population urbanization has played in overall poverty reduction. We find that one-quarter
of the world’s consumption poor live in urban areas and that the proportion has been rising over time.
Urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate but did little for urban poverty reduction;
over 1993-2002, the count of the “$1 a day” poor fell by 150 million in rural areas but rose by 50 million
in urban areas. The poor have been urbanizing even more rapidly than the population as a whole.
Looking forward, the recent pace of urbanization and current forecasts for urban population growth
imply that a majority of the poor will still live in rural areas for many decades to come.
There are marked regional differences: Latin America has the most urbanized poverty problem,
East Asia has the least; there has been a “ruralization” of poverty in Eastern Europe and Central Asia;
in marked contrast to other regions, Africa’s urbanization process has not been associated with falling overall poverty.
|
From UN-HABITAT
State of the World's Cities 2006/7
It is generally assumed that urban
populations are healthier, more literate and more prosperous than rural
populations. However, UN-HABITAT’s State of the World’s Cities Report
2006/7 has broken new ground by showing that the urban poor suffer from an
urban penalty: Slum dwellers in developing countries are as badly off if
not worse off than their rural relatives.
|
Background document
The Third Session of the World Urban Forum
June 2006
Our future: sustainable cities - turning ideas into action
SUSTAINABLE CITIES: URBAN GROWTH
AND ENVIRONMENT
(1) The Shape of Cities: Urban Planning
and Management.
The Power of Good Planning
and Effective Management
(2) Energy: Local Action, Global Impact
Introduction: Energy Consumption in Cities
Considering the Energy Mix for
Powering Cities – Bringing Renewables In
Sustainable Transport and Planning for
Climate Protection: Alternative Vehicles, Alternative Fuels, and Alternative
City Design
SUSTAINABLE CITIES: PARTNERSHIP
AND FINANCE
(1) Municipal Finance: Innovation and Collaboration for Urban Services.
Introduction.
Tools to Address the Financing Gap for
Water and Sanitation Services.
Facilitating Local and Community-based.
Economic Development.
(2) Urban Safety and Security: Taking Responsibility.
Introduction.
Urban Safety, Crime and Conflict:
Caring for the Most Vulnerable.
Risk and Vulnerability Reduction: Integrating Disaster Mitigation into the Development of Sustainable Cities
SUSTAINABLE CITIES: SOCIAL INCLUSION
AND COHESION
(1) Achieving the Millennium Development Goals:
Slum Upgrading and Affordable Housing
Introduction.
Goal 7 Target 11 “Cities Without Slums”
(2) Public Engagement: The Inclusive Approach
--------------
|
From Journal of World Systems Research, Vol 12 N. 1 2006
James C. Fraser
Globalization, Development and Ordinary Cities: A Review
Essay Book Reviews
What are the underlying spatial assumptions about the world that renders
some cities exemplars of modernity and innovation, while others are cast
as being behind, and worse yet, forgotten places? This is a key question that
has emerged in geography and sociology, and is addressed in
Jennifer Robinson’s book Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity
and Development. The purpose of this essay is two-fold in that
it provides a review of Robinson’s book and it also uses her
text as a vehicle to interrogate the geo-politics of urban theory
development. In particular, scholars have voiced concern over
the manner in which “world cities” and then “global cities” have
the power/knowledge eff ect of reifying the idea that there is one “world system”
that can be measured objectively.
-------------------------
|
From the
World Bank - 2000
Cities in Transition
World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy
The need for a new urban strategy for the Bank - Pursuing a vision of sustainable cities - A renewed Bank strategy
for urban and local government assistance - Requirements for implementing the new strategy -
Urban lines of business (illustrative examples) - Urban indicators
------------------ |
P. Krugman, 1994:
Urban concentration: the role of increasing returns and transport costs
Comment, A. M. Isserman
Comment, J. V. Henderson
Floor discussion
From "Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics", 1994 |
|
RP2004/08 W.A. Naudé and W.F.
Krugell: An
Inquiry into Cities and Their Role in Subnational Economic Growth in South
Africa (PDF 220KB)
RP2004/05
Marcel Fafchamps and Christine Moser: Crime,
Isolation, and Law Enforcement (PDF 223KB)
--------------------
|
Conference on African Migration
in Comparative Perspective - June, 2003
M. Cerrutti and R. Bertoncello
Urbanization and Internal Migration Patterns in Latin America
---
A. Portes
Urbanization in Comparative Perspective
The Carrefour supermarket in the Tijuca quarter of Rio de Janeiro is located right at the
foot of the Favela Borel, one of the most violent slums of the city. Recently, the military police
invaded Borel, killing four young men who, in the event, proved to be innocent. In visiting
Carrefour, one would expect a significant display of security given the threat posed by its violent
neighbor, both to property and life. Nothing of the sort. The supermarket is as tranquil as one
could find in any wealthy suburb. Shoppers arrive and leave their cars with full confidence that
they would still be there when they return.
For this tranquility, Carrefour has the drug traffickers in the hill to thank. The powerful
and well-organized band that controls Borel has decreed that shoplifting or robbery in its vicinity
and, especially in its well-stocked neighbor, is strictly forbidden...
----------
Douglas Massey, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Patterns and
Processes of International Migration in the 21st Century
---
Dorrit Posel, University of Natal, S. Africa
"Have Migration
Patterns in post-Apartheid South Africa Changed?"
---
Philip Guest, Population Council, Thailand
"Bridging the
Gap: Internal Migration in Asia"
---
Sally Findley, Columbia University, USA
"Migration in
Demographic Perspective: An Overview" (PowerPoint Presentation)
---
Bryan Roberts, University of Texas at Austin, USA
"Comparative
Systems: An Overview"
---
Abdou Maliq Simone, New School, USA
"Moving Towards
Uncertainty: Migration and the Turbulence of African Urban Life"
---
Peter Marcuse, Columbia University, USA
Migration and
Urban Spatial Structure in a Globalizing World: A Comparative Look
This paper begins an examination of the relationship between migration and urban space.
More specifically, it looks at the reciprocal impact of migration (both intra- and inter-national)
and the internal structure of urban space. It is a conceptual paper, although it builds on a range of
empirical work, particularly in the field of urban analysis, and on documentation of patterns of
migration and of urban change in the two countries involved in the comparison: South Africa and
the United States (I focus on New York City in the one case and Johannesburg in the other
because they are the cities I know blest, and the most integrated into global networks.). Both are,
today, deeply embedded in processes of globalization, although at quite different points, and they
provide a contrast between developed and developing economies that illuminates both he
generalizability and the limitations of comparative analysis.
---
Graeme Hugo, GISCA, Australia
"Urbanization in
Asia: An Overview"
---
Oded Stark, University of Bonn, Germany
"Tales of
Migration without Wage Differentials: Individual, Family, and Community Contests"
---
Mark Collinson, Agincourt, University of Witwatersrand, S. Africa
"Highly
Prevalent Circular Migration: Households, Mobility, and Economic Status in Rural South
Africa"
---
Norma Montes, CEDEM, University of Havana, Cuba
"Internal
Migration in Cuba in XXth Century Last Decades: An Overview"
---
Sara Curran, Princeton University, USA
Kanchana Tangchonlatip, Mahidol University, Thailand
"Migration,
Cumulative Causation and Gender: Evidence from Thailand"
---
Vicky Hosegood, ACHPS, S. Africa
"The Impact of
HIV/AIDS on Children's Living Arrangements and Migration in Rural South Africa"
---
Sangeetha Madhaven, University of Witwatersrand, S. Africa
"Migration,
Household Behavior and Community Differentiation: An Overview" (PowerPoint
Presentation)
---
Robert E. B. Lucas, Boston University, USA
"The Economic
Well-Being of Movers and Stayers: Assimilation, Impacts, Links and Proximity"
---
C. Elisa Florez, CEDE, Colombia
"Migration and
the Urban Informal Sector in Colombia"
---
Kinuthia Macharia, American University, USA
"Migration in
Kenya and Its Impact on the Labor Market"
---
Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, Princeton University, USA
"The
State and Internal Migration in Guadalajara and West Baltimore"
---
Michel Garenne, Pasteur Institute, France
"Migration,
Urbanisation and Child Health in Africa: A Global Perspective"
---
Burt Singer, Princeton University, USA
Marcia Castro, Princeton University, USA
"Migration,
Urbanization and Malaria: A Comparative Analysis of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and
Machadinho, Rondônia, Brazil"
---
Kathleen Kahn, Agincourt, University of Witwatersrand, S. Africa
"Health
Consequences of Migration: Evidence from South Africa's Rural Northeast (Agincourt)"
---
Mark VanLandingham, Tulane University, USA
"Impacts
of Rural to Urban Migration on the Health of Young Adult Migrants in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam"
---
Hania Zlotnik, United Nations, USA
"Migrants'
Rights, Ron Skeldon, University of Sussex, UK
"Migration
and Poverty"
---
David Hughes, Rutgers University, USA
"Refugees and
Squatters: Immigration and the Politics of Territory on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique
Border"
---
Donny Meertens, National University of Colombia, Colombia
"Forced
Displacement in Colombia: Public Policy, Gender, and Iniatives for Reconstruction"
-------------------- |
From "State of
the World Population 2004", UNFPA
Migration and Urbanisation
--- |
U.S. Census Bureau
Total Middyear Population of the World. 1950-2050
-
Historical Estimates of World Population (-10000-1950) |
The World Bank
Group:
Urban Development
----------------------
The
Urban Poor in Latin America
(2005) Along
with the urbanization of Latin America's population has come
an urbanization of its poor - today about half of the
region's poor live in cities.
----
Analyzing
Urban Poverty: A Summary of Methods and Approaches
(2004) This
paper summarizes the main issues in conducting urban poverty
analysis, with a focus on presenting a sample of case
studies from urban areas that were implemented by a number
of different agencies using a range of analytical approaches
for studying urban poverty.
---------------------
Urban Policy and Economic Development: an
agenda for the 1990s
(1991) This paper analyzes the fiscal, financial and real
sector linkages between urban economic activities and macroeconomic performance. It builds
on this analysis to propose a policy framework and strategy that will redefine the urban
challenge in developing countries. First, the developing countries, the international
community, and the World Bank should move toward a broader view of urban issues, a view
that moves beyond housing and residential infrastructure, and that emphasizes the
productivity of the urban economy and the need to alleviate the constraints on
productivity. Second, with urban poverty increasing, the productivity of the urban poor
should be enhanced by increasing the demand for labor and improving access to basic
infrastructure and social services. Third, more attention should be devoted to reversing
the deterioration of the urban environment. Fourth, the serious gap in understanding urban
issues must be closed. With the decline in urban research during the 1980s, few countries
have a sound analytical basis for urban policy.
-----------------
Global Urban and Local Government Strategy
Executive
Summary
Full Report (PDF
files)
Cities in
Transition Executive Summary (PDF file)
(1999) Winds of change affecting urban areas and
local governments underscore the importance of urban development to national goals
|
S. Sassen (2001)
The global city: strategic site/new frontier
"THE master images in the currently dominant
account about economic globalization emphasize hypermobility, global communications, the
neutralization of place and distance. There is a tendency in that account to take the
existence of a global economic system as a given, a function of the power of transnational
corporations and global communications. But the capabilities for global operation,
coordination and control contained in the new information technologies and in the power of
transnational corporations need to be produced."..."The emphasis shifts to the
practices that constitute what we call economic globalization and global control: the work
of producing and reproducing the organization and management of a global production system
and a global marketplace for finance, both under conditions of economic
concentration."
|
Fu-Chen Lo and
Yue-man (1996)
Emerging world cities in Pacific Asia
During the 1980s and 1990s, the global economy has
experienced a series of economic structural adjustments triggered by the relative decline
of the once-powerful industrial centres of the United States, the European Union, and more
recently Japan and by the rise of rapid industrialization in several developing countries.
This has changed the configuration of mega-cities and defined new conditions for their
transformation towards the twenty-first century. In a global economy that couples spatial
dispersal with economic integration, new roles are being created for world or global
cities, as command posts of the world economy, as financial centres, as production sites,
and as consumer markets. World cities are not mere outcomes of a global economic machine,
but rather the loci of key structures of the world economy itself (Sassen, Saskia (1991), The
Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.). |
G. Tolly & V.
S. Thomas (1987)
Economics of Urbanization and Urban Policies
in Developing countries
"Urban problems in developing countries have
become more acute in recent decades as people have flocked to cities, and the largest
cities have been affected the most. In coming years, as population growth continues
throughout the developing world, urban problems promise to become increasingly severe. The
volume seeks to promote better understanding and evaluation of policies designed to cope
with these issues. It draws together studies of the causes of observed urbanization
patterns and builds on them to provide a better foundation for policy analysis." |
R. Rojas
Notes on urbanization in
developing societies
...like other macrostructural changes, urban growth in less developing societies is
closely associated with capitalist penetration and expansion, ...dependent urbanization,
as opposed to city growth in industrialized areas, must be understood as the expression of
the colonial/neo colonial social dynamic of human settlements; ...because dependent
capitalism is characterised by high levels of urban unemployment, 'marginality' and
material inequalities, urban poverty will be a feature of urban growth in less developed
societies
|
D. Webster & L.
Muller, 2000:
Urban competitiveness assessment in developing countries regions
As has been well documented, urban regions are
becoming more exposed to global forces, as the nation state becomes more open to capital
and trade flows (Kaothien and Webster, 2000). This represents both a threat in that market
and investment conditions change very rapidly subjecting urban regions to potential
negative economic impacts, and an opportunity in that cities now have more scope to
develop their own competitiveness strategies and access world markets, global labor and
capital. Of course, urban regions control only some of the factors which determine their
competitiveness. National policy frameworks and socio-economic conditions are also very
important, e.g., national taxation, human resource development, tariff, macro economic,
industrial incentives, policies, etc. In addition, national political stability very much
influences the competitiveness of cities.
|
Interamerican
Development Bank
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
Urban Development:
Housing
Urban
Heritage Conservation
Urban
Poverty
Urban
Rehabilitation
Municipal
and Regional Development
Neighborhood
Upgrading
---
Publications
Events
News
Bulletins
Links
to Other Sites
|
Development
Gateway:
Urban Development
Metropolitan Governance ---
Urban Poverty and
Environment --- Urban
Waste Management --- Urban Mobility Management
--- Metropolitan
Performance Measurement --- Water Management
---
Transport
Environment
Strategic
Planning
Governance
Journals
Water
and Sewerage
Municipal
Finance
New
Technologies
Housing
Social
Policy
Globalization
Economic
Development
Urban
Poverty
---
Data
and Statistics --- Documents
and Reports --- Events
and Discussion Forums --- Get
Involved --- How
to / Tools --- Organizations,
Networks, People --- Programs
and Projects --- Publications
and Multimedia
|
E. Ghersi: The informal economy in Latin
America
WIEGO: Facts on the informal sector
Women in Informal Employment. Globalizing
and Organizing
S. Benjamin: Land,
Productive Slums, and Urban Poverty, 1979, MIT
P. Dasgupta: Poverty
Reduction and Non-market Institutions, 1999, University of Cambridge
C. Kutcha-Helbling: The informal sector in
emerging democracies
Center for Institutional Reform
and the Informal Sector
University of Maryland
---
Working papers in ILO:IFP/Skills - Informal Economy Series: Training
in the Informal Sector of Belarus - Yuri Vesselov, Geneva, ILO, 2002
IFP/Skills - Informal Economy Series: Skills
Training for Decent Work in the Informal Sector of the North-West Region of Russia (St.
Petersburg and the Leningrad region) - Case study by Liudmila I. Velichko and
Gortenzia M. Romanenkova, Geneva, ILO, 2002
IFP/SKills - Informal Economy Series: Training
and Skills Acquisition in the Informal Sector:A Literature Review- Marjo-Riitta
Liimatainen, ILO, Geneva, 2002
IFP Skills - Informal Economy
SeriesSkills
Training in the Informal Sector in China - By the Research Group of the Department of
Training and Employment Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Geneva, 2002
Informal
Economy Series:Informal Sector Training in Jamaica: an Assessment by Andrea M.
Miller-Stennett
Informal
Economy Series : Training for Work in the Informal Sector: New evidence from Kenya,
Tanzania and Uganda by Hans Christiaan Haan
InFocus Programme on Skills, Knowledge and
Employability Working Paper: Training and
Skill Formation for Decent Work in the Informal Sector: Case Studies from South India,
by Amit Mitra, Geneva, 2002.
Home work in selected Latin American countries: A
comparative View; Manuela Tomei; 2000.(Available also in Spanish)
Homeworkers in
Paraguay; Maria Victorial Heikel; 2000. (Available also in Spanish)
Homeworkers in
Peru; Francisco Verdera; 2000. (Available also in Spanish) |
| |
| |
| Population and
Development/United Nations |
| |
| WORLD POPULATION GROWTH (chart) |
| |
World
Resources 1996-97
(A joint publication by The World Resource Institute, The United Nations Environment
Programme, The United Nations Development Programme, and the World Bank) (Data edited by
Dr. Róbinson Rojas)
Part I: The Urban Environment
Chapter 1: Cities and the Environment
Introduction
Urban
Growth Patterns
What
Fuels Urban Growth?
Urban
Poverty
Urban
Environmental Problems
Economic
Costs of Urban Environmental Degradation
Confronting
the Urban Environmental Challenge
•Abidjan: A Portrait of the African Urban Experience
•The Challenge of Environmental Deterioration in Jakarta
•What is an Urban Area?
•Sharing Responsibility for Inner-City Problems
•Detroit Battles Long-Term Effects of Suburban Flight
•Pollution and Health in the Transition Economies
•Designing Sustainable Solutions for Cities
Chapter 2: Urban Environment and Human Health
Introduction
Health
Profiles of Urban Dwellers
The
Urban Physical Environment and Health
The
Urban Social Environment and Health
Multisectoral
Strategies for Improving the Health of
Urban Dwellers
•Can We Improve Neighborhood Quality in Neglected U.S. Cities?
•ASHA Works to Improve Health in Delhi
•The Black Death Revisited: India's 1994 Plague Epidemic
•Household Environmental Problems, Wealth, and City Size
•Community Perceptions of Urban Health Risks
Chapter 3: Urban Impacts on Natural Resources
Introduction
Land
Conversion
Extraction
and Depletion of Natural Resources
Urban
Wastes
Integrated Approaches to Protect the Resource Base
•Water: The Challenge for Mexico City
•Los Angeles Copes with Air Pollution
Chapter 4: Urban Transportation
Introduction
Urban
Transportation Trends
Impacts
of Urban Transportation Trends
Moving
Forward: Key Strategies and Tools
Improving
the Transportation Supply
•The Indian Transportation Paradigm
•Setting Limits Pays Off in Portland, Oregon
•Nonmotorized Transportation: What's To Become of Bicycles
and Pedestrians
Chapter 5: Urban Priorities for Action
Introduction
Priorities
for Action: Water and Sanitation
Promoting
Water Conservation
Priorities
for Action: Solid Waste Management
Priorities
for Action: Air Pollution
Priorities
for Action: Land Use
•Ranking Bangkok's Urban Environmental Problems
•Forging a Combined Approach to Urban Pollution Control
•Costs and Benefits of Water and Air Pollution Controls in
Santiago
•Integrated Transportation and Land Use Planning Channel
Curitiba's Growth
Chapter 6: City and Community: Toward Environmental Sustainability
Introduction
Strengthening
Local Governments in Developing Countries
A
Community-level Approach to Environmental Management
Setting
Priorities
Cities
and Sustainable Development
•Cities Take Action: Local Environmental Initiatives
•The Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi, Pakistan
•Housing Program for Cali's Poor Encourages Self-Help
•Citizen Participation Leads to Better Plan for the Bronx, New
York
•Nigeria's Community Banks: A Capital Idea
•International Urban Environment Programs
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
From the World Bank database
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 415
Facets of Globalization. International and local dimensions of development
S. Yusuf, S. Evenett and J. Wei, editors
October 2001
The chapters in this volume underscore the
transformative role of globalization and urbanization,
and show the interplay between these forces.
Trade
reform and liberalized foreign investment regimes have
contributed to the spatial reallocation of economic
activity toward cities, especially those cities that can
attract and nurture human capital and strong connections
to other markets.
Global factors have, therefore,
reinforced agglomeration economies in shifting economic
clout toward cities, and in so doing they may be
exacerbating regional disparities in incomes.
|
From Finance & Development
A quarterly magazine of the IMF
September 2007 - Volume 44 Number 3
March of the Cities
The
Urban Revolution
David E. Bloom and Tarun Khanna
The year 2008 marks a watershed in the complex and ongoing
urban revolution. For the first time, more than 50 percent
of the world's people will live in urban areas. Rapid
urbanization may prove a blessing, provided the world
takes notice and plans accordingly.
(pdf
file: 732 kb)
Urban
Poverty
Martin Ravallion
The poor are gravitating to towns and cities, but maybe
not quickly enough. A faster pace of urbanization could
induce more rapid poverty reduction. Development
policymakers should facilitate this process, not hinder
it.
(pdf
file: 299 kb)
Big,
or Too Big?
Ehtisham Ahmad
Megacities create special issues of governance, funding,
and provision of services. Both national governments and
megacities can secure potential benefits by exploring the
devolution of clearly defined responsibilities and
revenue-raising capacity that provide incentives for good
governance.
(pdf
file: 279 kb)
Point of View
What
Is the Biggest Challenge in Managing Large Cities
Matthew Maury, Kishore Mahbubani, and
Ramesh Ramanathan and Swati Ramanathan
Three points of view on different ways to manage the
expansion of cities well .
(pdf
file: 137 kb)
|
From The World Bank - 18 Sept. 2006
An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth
Advance Conference Edition
East Asia – a
region that has transformed itself since the financial crisis of the 90s
by creating more competitive and innovative economies – must now turn
to the urgent domestic challenges of inequality, social cohesion,
corruption and environmental degradation arising from its success.
|
Guiding Cities: The Urban Management Programme
Babar Mumtaz and Emiel
Wegelin. (136 pages, May 2001)
The way that cities are managed and administered has a direct bearing on
their ability to support economic development and mitigate poverty. Therefore
all those concerned with either economic or with social development should also
be concerned with urban development and management and how their actions impact
on cities and vice versa. The primary objective of this book is to provide a
guide for those concerned with economic or social development, as well as those
concerned more directly with urban development and management, to the main
issues and the range of options available to deal with them. The presentation of
issues and options is accompanied by examples of practice generated by the Urban
Management Programme in cities in countries around the world.
The first section presents an overview of urbanisation and urban management,
setting out the processes by which cities grow and develop and the role they
play in human and economic development. Some of the main trends and directions
of policy advice and intervention are introduced. This is followed by three
sections looking at Urban Governance, Urban Poverty Reduction and Urban
Environmental Management. Within each section are particular areas, ranging from
leadership, accountability and democracy through privatisation, partnership and
participation to vulnerability and social exclusion and integration, to urban
heritage protection. Within these, problems are summarised, followed by an
indication of some of the issues raised in addressing them. Guidelines for
Action are presented as a series of steps that could be undertaken in order to
confront the issues and resolve the problems. These Guidelines draw upon the
experience of the Urban Management Programme, and case studies of (successful)
interventions are presented. There is a brief list of resources and
documentation that can provide further information and assistance.
|
From the data files of the World Bank
File 11910
The economics of urbanization and urban policies in developing countries
- 1987
George S. Tolley and Vinod Thomas, editors
An Overview of Urban Growth: Problems, Policies, and Evaluation
----Patterns of Urbanization
----Urbanization and Economic Development
----Sources of Future Urbanization
----Economic Causes of Urban Problems
----Urbanization Policy in Market and Mixed Economies
----Urbanization Policy in a Centralized Economy
----Concentration and Decentralization Policies
----Addressing Urban Problems
|
The urban challenge in Africa: Growth and management of its
large cities
Edited by Carole Rakodi
United Nations University Press
TOKYO
- NEW YORK - PARIS
© The United Nations University,
1997
Part
I Globalization and Africa: The challenge of urban growth
2
Global forces, urban change, and urban management in Africa
3
Urbanization, globalization, and economic crisis in Africa
Part
II The "mega-cities" of Africa
4
The challenge of urban growth in Cairo
5
Johannesburg: A city and metropolitan area in transformation
6
The challenges of growth and development in metropolitan Lagos
7
Kinshasa: A reprieved mega-city?
8
Abidjan: From the public making of a modern city to urban management of a
metropolis
9
Nairobi: National capital and regional hub
Part
III The dynamics of city development
10
Globalization or informalization? African urban economies in the 1990s
11
Residential property markets in African cities
12
The state and civil society: Politics, government, and social organization
in African cities
13
Urban lives: Adopting new strategies and adapting rural links
Part
IV Rising to the challenge
14
Towards appropriate urban development policy in emerging mega-cities in
Africa
15
Urban management: The recent experience
The views expressed in this publication are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United
Nations University.
|
Environment and Urbanization
Globalization
and cities
Volume 14
Number 1 April 2002
Publisher: International
Institute for Environment and Development
The articles may be
reproduced free of charge provided the author is acknowledged
Editors'
Introduction:
Globalization and cities
Locating cities on
global circuits
By Saskia Sassen
This paper discusses the cities that have the resources which enable firms and
markets to be global. It considers the new intensity and complexity of
globally-connected systems of production, finance and management which may
disperse production, yet need (relatively few) networks of cities to provide
their organizational and management architecture. This produces new geographies
and hierarchies of centrality - particular cities and regions that have key
roles in globalization. Many such cities become far more closely linked to the
global economy than to their regional or national economies - and this can have
harsh consequences locally, pushing out firms and people that are not within the
internationalized sector. The paper discusses why certain cities retain such
importance, when production is so dispersed and when telecommunications and
rapid transport systems have limited the advantages of spatial concentration. It
also considers the dependence of global cities on each other; a crisis in one
key centre often brings problems rather than opportunities for others.
Cities in a
globalizing world: from engines of growth to agents of change
- By
Willem van Vliet
This paper describes the key role that city authorities and their civil
societies should play in mediating the relationship between economic
globalization and human development so that cities act not only as engines of
growth but also as agents for greater social justice and environmental
sustainability. In a globalizing and urbanizing world, urban governments have a
much more important role in guaranteeing that citizen needs are met and citizen
rights are respected. This is not a conventional public-sector-led,
professionally determined role but one more rooted in participatory democracy
and partnerships with citizens, both to redress the limits of market mechanisms
and to ensure urban livability.
Globalization and
social exclusion in cities: framing the debate with lessons from
Africa and Asia
-
By Jo Beall
This paper considers the contradictory roles demanded of city governments as
they seek to keep their cities competitive in an increasingly globalized world
economy while also having increasing responsibilities for addressing social
problems, and making local economic development less exclusionary. After
reviewing debates on globalization, social exclusion and their interconnections,
the paper discusses the impact of globalization on the sweepers in Faisalabad
(Pakistan) and on livelihoods in Johannesburg. In Johannesburg, the new socially
excluded are those who are superfluous to the requirements of the global economy
and Johannesburg's position within it. Exclusionary processes associated with
globalization (including changes in the international division of labour) graft
themselves onto local dynamics of social exclusion. The scope for government
action at national and city level is also reduced by the downsizing of
governments, and liberalization, privatization and deregulation.
ASIA
From global intercity
competition to cooperation for livable cities and economic
resilience in Pacific Asia
- By Mike Douglass
The Pacific Asian urban transition is part of a process of globalization that is
pitting city against city during intensifying games of competition for
internationally footloose investment. The major dilemma posed by this form of
globalization is how to make cities more livable and environmentally sound as
vagabond capital demands higher levels of subsidies and giveaways, and lower
impositions of environmental costs on business. Intercity cooperation within and
among nations is proposed, to overcome the "grow now, clean up the environment
later" syndrome, by using livability as a means of securing global investment
and gaining greater local economic resilience.
The changing nature of
the informal sector in Karachi as a result of global
restructuring and liberalization
- By Arif Hasan
This paper describes how much of Karachi's population has relied on informal
settlements for housing, informal infrastructure for water and sanitation,
informal services for health care and education and informal enterprises for
employment. These have filled the gap between what large sections of the
population needed and what neither government nor formal private enterprises
provided. The paper then discusses the changes that global restructuring and
liberalization have brought, which include inflation (as the rupee devalued) and
the decline of light engineering industry (unable to compete with cheap
imports), and carpets and textiles production (in part because of greatly
increased electricity charges). It suggests that, while the communications
revolution helps fuel aspirations, the informal organizations and the middlemen
that manage them will no longer bridge the gap between needs and aspirations for
most of the population. Since there is no sign of new private investment, the
result is also growing unemployment and widening inequalities. As yet, there is
no research on the long-term effects of liberalization on this city with some 10
million inhabitants.
Loot: in search of the
East India Company, the world's first transnational corporation
- By Nick Robins
This article charts the growth of the world's first transnational corporation,
the East India Company, and the resonance this has for today's globalization
agenda. Starting as a speculative company to import spices, the East India grew
to rule one-fifth of the world's population. The paper also discusses the
implications, for India and Britain, of its profit-driven development achieved
through trade, taxes and conquest. It also describes how the Company's wealth
allowed it to manipulate and even bring down governments.
The Bhopal gas tragedy
1984 to ? The evasion of corporate responsibility
- By Barbara Dinham; Satinath Sarangi
This paper describes the inadequacies in the response of the Union Carbide
Corporation to the accidental release of the highly toxic gas, methyl
isocyanate, from its plant in Bhopal, India in 1984. Over 20,000 people are
estimated to have died from exposure to this gas since 1984, with some 120,000
chronically ill survivors. Union Carbide fought to avoid compensation or to keep
it very low. The long, much delayed process of distributing compensation focused
on minimizing payouts to victims. The corporation tried to blame the accident on
a disgruntled employee, whereas key parts of the safety equipment designed to
stop the escape of the gas were not functioning or were turned off. The
corporation has always sought to underplay the health effects and has refused to
release its research on the health impacts of the gas (which could have helped
develop more effective treatment). In addition, the medical services in Bhopal
have failed to develop a health care service that offers sustained relief and
treatment to the communities most affected. This paper also describes the work
of the Sambhavna Trust, a charitable body set up to work with the survivors, and
its programme to develop simple, more effective, ethical and participatory ways
of carrying out research, monitoring and treatment. Its programmes combine
traditional and western systems for health care and it ensures that individuals
and communities are actively involved in all aspects of public health.
AFRICA
Export processing
zones and the quest for sustainable development: a Southern
African perspective
- By Herbert Jauch
Local responses to
globalization and peripheralization in Luanda, Angola - By Paul Jenkins; Paul Robson; Allan Cain
LATIN AMERICA
Democratic governance
- fairytale or real perspective? Lessons from Central America
- By Françoise Barten;
René Perez Montiel; Eduardo Espinoza; Carlos Morales
Buenos Aires:
fragmentation and privatization of the metropolitan city
- By Pedro Pírez
LOCAL PROCESSES FOR
A GLOBALIZING WORLD
Beyond evictions in a
global city: people-managed resettlement in Mumbai
- By Sheela Patel; Celine d'Cruz; Sundar Burra
Sustaining markets or
sustaining poverty reduction? - By Diana Mitlin
Local funds, and their
potential to allow donor agencies to support community
development and poverty reduction in urban areas: Workshop
report
- David Satterthwaite
FEEDBACK
Durban's Local Agenda
21 programme: tackling sustainable development in a
post-apartheid city
- Debra Roberts; Nicci Diederichs
Maternal mobility
across the rural-urban divide: empirical data from coastal Kenya
- C S Molyneux; V Mung'ala-Odera; T Harpham; R W Snow
The role of NGOs for
low-income groups in Korean society
- Seong-Kyu Ha
The right to water
versus cost recovery: participation, urban water supply and the
poor in sub-Saharan Africa
- Sylvy Jaglin
The mismatch between
politics, aid and environmental health with particular reference
to cholera in Madagascar
- Katharine Coit
Book Reviews &
Book Notes
Bulletin Board
Summaries of
Articles
|
Architects for Peace
Forum for architects and related professions seeking
urban development based on social justice, solidarity, respect and peace. |
Environmental Education
Creating an environment to educate about the
environment
Urban
Environmental Management
Glossaries, definitions and indicators
|
Global Built Environment Review
A journal for architecture, planning, development and
the environment GBER is being launched as a refereed quarterly electronic journal with a
yearly printed edition. It aims to have a wide international readership comprising of
architects, planners, developmentalists, environmentalists and students from both the
western and the developing world. Although the main focus of GBER is the 'Built
Environment' it also intends to include debates from the perspectives of the related macro
socio economic, political and developmental issues. Its editorial policy particularly
welcomes the views expressed through the socio culltural determinants of the present day
'multi cultural' society which influences the contemporary 'Global Built Environment'. The
journal is genuinely interested in debates on the built environment of both the developing
and the developed world. The idea is to foster an effective north south solidarity and
provide a forum to encourage a better understanding and communication on a wide variety of
built environment issues including the emerging 'globalisation and its impact on both
Eastern and Western multicultural built environment'. |
| Shanghai Urban Environment Project |
| Haiphong, Vietnam, Urban Development Project |
|
Demand
for imports in Venezuela : a structural time series approach Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Potential
GDP growth in Venezuela : a structural time series approach Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Venezuela
- Caracas Metropolitan Health Services Project Vol. 1 (2001) |
|
Venezuela
- Interim country assistance strategy Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Air
pollution and mortality : results from Santiago, Chile Vol. 1 (English)(1995) |
|
A
presumptive pigovian tax : complementing regulation to mimic an emissions fee Vol. 1
(English)(1994) |
|
Reducing
regulatory barriers to private - sector participation in Latin America ' s water and
sanitation services Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
Estimating
the health effects of air pollutants : a method with an application to Jakarta Vol. 1
(English)(1994) |
|
Racing
to the bottom : foreign investment and air pollution in developing countries Vol. 1 (2001) |
|
The
challenge of urban government policies : policies and practices Vol. 1 (2001) |
|
Environmental
protection and optimal taxation Vol. 1 (2000) |
|
Historic
cities and sacred sites : cultural roots for urban futures Vol. 1 (2000) |
|
Cultural
heritage : an urban age special issue Vol. 1 (English)(1998) |
|
Historic
cities and sacred sites : cultural roots for urban futures Vol. 1 (English)(2000) |
|
Reducing
regulatory barriers to private - sector participation in Latin America ' s water and
sanitation services Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
Estimating
the health effects of air pollutants : a method with an application to Jakarta Vol. 1
(English)(1994) |
|
Urban
age (6,1) Vol. 1 (English)(1998) |
|
Innovations
and risk taking : the engine of reform in local government in Latin America and the
Caribbean Vol. 1 (English)(1997) |
|
Taxing
bads by taxing goods : pollution control with presumptive charges Vol. 1 (English)(1996) |
|
Brazil
' s efficient payment system : a legacy of high inflation Vol. 1 (English)(1996) |
|
Colombia
- Bogota Urban Services Project Vol. 1 (2003) |
|
Colombia
- Bogota Urban Services Project Vol. 1 (2002) |
|
Colombia
- Amoya River Environmental Services Project Vol. 1 (English)(2003) |
|
Colombia
- Jepirachi Carbon Off-Set Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Colombia
- Jepirachi Carbon Off-Set Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Colombia
- Enabling Activity to Assist the Implementation of the Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
Colombia
- Earthquake Recovery Project Vol. 1 (English)(2003) |
|
Colombia
- Country assistance strategy Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Colombia
- Cundinamarca Education Quality Improvement Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Colombia
- Jepirachi Carbon Offset Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Colombia
- Second Magdalena Medio Regional Development Project (LIL) Vol. 1 (English)(2001) |
|
Colombia
- Human Capital Protection (Cash Transfers) Project Vol. 1 (English)(2001) |
|
COLOMBIA-COLOMBIA
- Amoya River Environmental Services Vol. 1 / Colombia - Amoya River Environmental
Services Project (English) (2003) |
|
Colombia
- Programmatic Fiscal and Institutional Adjustment Loan (FIAL) Project Vol. 1 (English)
(2003) |
|
COLOMBIA-Cundinamarca
Education Quality Improvement Vol. 1 / Colombia - Cundinamarca Education Quality
Improvement Project (English) (2003) |
|
Financing
urban services in Latin America : spatial distribution issues Vol. 1 (English)(1989) |
|
Urban
age 6(4) Vol. 1 (English) (1999) |
|
Urban
age 6(3) Vol. 1 (English)(1999) |
|
Urban
age (6,1) Vol. 1 (English)(1998) |
|
The
urban age - politics and the city Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
The
urban age - urban violence issue Vol. 1 (English)(1993) |
|
The
urban age - city investment strategies Vol. 1 (English)(1997) |
|
Cultural
heritage : an urban age special issue Vol. 1 (English)(1998) |
|
Vehicular
air pollution : experiences from seven Latin American urban centers Vol. 1 (English)
(1997) |
|
The
World Bank economic review 11(3) Vol. 1 (English)(1997) |
|
Belize
- Second Power Development Project Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
| Urbanization in México: |
|
Mexico
- Transport Air Quality Management for Mexico City, Highway Rehabilitation and Safety, and
Infrastructure Privatization Technical Assistance Projects Vol. 1 of 1 (2003) |
|
Mexico
- Second Air Quality Management and Sustainable Transport Project Vol. 1 (2003) |
|
Wages
and productivity in Mexican manufacturing Vol. 1 (2003) |
|
Mexico
- Second Air Quality Project Vol. 1 (2003) |
|
Mexico
- Climate Friendly Measures in Transport Project Vol. 1 (2002) |
|
Mexico
- Urban Microbusiness Project Vol. 1 (2002) |
|
Mexico
- Climate Friendly Measures in Transport Project Vol. 1 (2002) |
|
Improving
air quality in metropolitan Mexico City : an economic valuation Vol. 1 (2002) |
|
Technology
and firm performance in Mexico Vol. 1 (2002) |
|
Emission
control : privatizing vehicle inspection and reducing fraud in Mexico City Vol. 1 (2001) |
|
Thirst
for reform ? private sector participation in providing Mexico City ' s water supply Vol. 1
(2001) |
|
Mexico
- Export dynamics and productivity : analysis of Mexican manufacturing in the 1990s Vol. 1
(2000) |
|
Mexico
- Federal District Urban Upgrading Project Vol. 1 (2000) |
|
Mexico
- Climate Friendly Measures in Transport Project Vol. 1 (1999) |
|
Mexico
- Northern Border Community Infrastructure Project (Ciudad Juarez) Vol. 1 (English) |
|
Mexico
- Northern Border Community Infrastructure Project (Tijuana Urban Transport Project) Vol.
1 (English) |
|
Rationing
can backfire : the day without a car in Mexico City Vol. 1 (English)(1995) |
|
Mexico
- Second Solid Waste Management Project Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
Mexico
- High Efficiency Lighting Pilot Project Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
Mexico
- Northern Border Environment Project : environmental assessment executive summary Vol. 1
(English)(1994) |
|
Bank
lending for reconstruction : the Mexico City earthquake Vol. 1 of 1 (English)(1993) |
|
A
presumptive pigovian tax on gasoline : analysis of an air pollution control program for
Mexico City Vol. 1 (English)(1993) |
|
Los
Angeles, Mexico City, Cubatao, and Ankara - Efficient environmental regulation : case
studies of urban air pollution Vol. 1 (English)(1992) |
|
Mexico
- Urban development : a contribution to a national urban strategy Vol. 1 (English)
(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Urban development : a contribution to a national urban strategy Vol. 2 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Urban development : a contribution to a national urban strategy Vol. 2 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Second Solid Waste Management Project Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
Mexico
- High Efficiency Lighting Pilot Project Vol. 1 (English)(1994) |
|
Mexico
- Northern Border Environment Project : environmental assessment executive summary Vol. 1
(English)(1994) |
|
Bank
lending for reconstruction : the Mexico City earthquake Vol. 1 of 1 (English)(1993) |
|
A
presumptive pigovian tax on gasoline : analysis of an air pollution control program for
Mexico City Vol. 1 (English)(1993) |
| |
|
Mexico
- Decentralized Infrastructure Development Programmatic Loan Project Vol. 1 (English)
(2003) |
|
Mexico
- E-Business for Small Business Development Project Vol. 1 of 1 (English)(2003) |
|
Mexico
- Rural Finance Development Structural Adjustment Loan Project Vol. 1 (English)(2003) |
|
Mexico
- Chiapas Programmatic Economic Development Loan (PEDL) Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Basic Education Development Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Savings and Credit Strengthening and Rural Microfinance Capacity Building Project Vol. 1
(English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Tax Administration Institutional Development Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Savings and Credit Sector Strengthening and Rural Microfinance Capacity Building Project
Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Tax Administration Institutional Development Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Country assistance strategy Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Technical Assistance for Public Sector Social Security Reform Project (ISSSTE) Vol. 1
(English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Technical Assistance for Public Sector Social Security Reform Project Vol. 1
(English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Municipal Development in Rural Areas Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
High-efficiency
lighting in Mexico Vol. 1 of 1 (English)(2002) |
|
High-efficiency
lighting in Mexico Vol. 1 of 1 / Illuminacion de alta eficiencia en Mexico (Spanish)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Second Basic Education Development Project Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Consolidation of the Protected Areas System Project (GEF) Vol. 1 (English)(2002) |
|
Mexico
- Consolidation of the Protected Areas System Project : environmental impact assessment
Vol. 1 (English)(2001) |
|
Mexico
- Energy environment review Vol. 1 (English)(2001) |
|
Mexico
- Second Bank Restructuring Facility Loan Project (BRFL II) Vol. 1 (English)(2001) |
|
Mexico
- Second Basic Education Development Project (APL) Vol. 1 (English)(2001) |
|
| |
