Make your work easier and more efficient installing the rrojasdatabank  toolbar ( you can customize it ) in your browser. 
Counter visits from more than 160  countries and 1400 universities (details)

The political economy of development
This academic site promotes excellence in teaching and researching economics and development, and the advancing of describing, understanding, explaining and theorizing.
About us- Castellano- Français - Dedication
Home- Themes- Reports- Statistics/Search- Lecture notes/News- People's Century- Puro Chile- Mapuche


From The World Bank Group
World Trade Indicators 2008
Benchmarking Policy and Performance
By R. Islam and G. Zanini
Cover
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Countries and Customs Territories in the WTI Database

Executive Summary

Tariff protection, both with and without the inclusion of preferences, has fallen consistently in all regions and income groups from the mid-1990s to 2007, and especially in low-income countries, where average MFN applied tariffs fell 46 percent (10 percentage points). High-income countries, which were earlier reformers, still have the lowest average tariffs at 6 percent compared to a developing country average of 11 percent. Other measures, such as the World Bank’s Trade (MFN) Tariff Restrictiveness Index (MFN TTRI), confi rm this pattern.
...But average tariffs do not reveal the whole pattern of protection. High-income countries have higher nontariff barriers, greater tariff escalation and dispersion, and much higher maximum tariffs than low-income countries; that is, they protect certain sectors much more than others. Many of these protected sectors and goods are of special interest to developing-country exporters.
...Developing country exporters face higher export hurdles at the upper end of production than at the lower end. Most countries protect finished goods more than unfinished goods, but tariff escalation is higher in the high-income OECD countries than in developing countries. This pattern is amplified in the agriculture sector...

Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Policy-Related Trade Indicators
Trade Policy
External Environment
Overall Business and Institutional Environment
Trade Facilitation

Boxes
2.1. Garment and Textiles Exporters Also Face Higher Tariffs Than the Rest of the World Tables
2.1. High- and Middle-Income Countries Have the Lowest Import Protection
2.2. Some Countries Have Increased Their MFN Tariffs (Simple Averages)
2.3. Most Developing Countries, Save WTO Accession Countries, Have Committed Little in the GATS
2.4. Oil and Commodity Exporters and Rich Countries Enjoy the Best Market Access
2.5. Small Islands Enjoy Lowest Tariff Barriers, While Cotton Exporters the Highest, 2006
2.6. Some Countries Draw High Benefi ts from Preferences, Others None
Figures
2.1. Tariff Protection Is Highest among Low-Income Countries and the SAS, MNA, and SSA Regions
2.2. Tariffs Have Been Falling in All Regions, but Remain High in MNA, SAS, and SSA
2.3. Import Duties Collected Are Much Lower Than Statutory Tariffs
2.4. Countries with Lower Tariffs Tend to Be More Integrated 10
2.5. The SAS Region and Other Low-Income Countries Had the Largest Decreases
in Tariffs
2.6. Countries Have Liberalized Agriculture Less Than Other Merchandise Sectors
2.7. High- and Middle-Income Countries Have Less Transparent Protection
2.8. MNA and HI-OECD Countries Protect Agriculture the Most and SSA the Least
2.9. Maximum Tariffs and Dispersion Are Still High in Many Regions
2.10. Tariff Escalation Is Highest in MNA and High-Income OECD Countries, Especially in Agriculture
2.11. Fiscal Revenues Are Most Dependent on Import Duties in SSA and SAS Countries
2.12. ECA and High-Income OECD Countries Have Committed the Most to Open Their Services Sectors and Low-Income Countries the Least
2.13. High-Income Countries Are More Committed Than Other Groups to Services Trade Liberalization in Most Sectors
2.14. Market Access Is More Restricted in Agriculture
2.15. SAS Exporters Face the Highest Tariff Barriers and MNA’s the Lowest
2.16. Better Market Access Helps Trade and Export Performance
2.17. Agricultural Exporters Face Higher Market Access Barriers
2.18. Duty-Free Trade Has Increased Signifi cantly
2.19. Benefits from Preferences Vary across Regions from Low to Modest
2.20. Countries with Better Institutional Environments Tend to Have Lower Export Concentrations and Higher Shares of Manufacturing Exports
2.21. Countries with Best Logistics Performance Are All Developed Economies That Are Major Global Transport and Logistics Hubs
2.22. Countries with Better Trade Logistics Integrate Faster
Tables
2.1. High- and Middle-Income Countries Have the Lowest Import Protection
2.2. Some Countries Have Increased Their MFN Tariffs (Simple Averages)
2.3. Most Developing Countries, Save WTO Accession Countries, Have Committed Little in the GATS
2.4. Oil and Commodity Exporters and Rich Countries Enjoy the Best Market Access
2.5. Small Islands Enjoy Lowest Tariff Barriers, While Cotton Exporters the Highest, 2006
2.6. Some Countries Draw High Benefits from Preferences, Others None

Chapter 3. Trade Outcomes

Boxes
3.1. Low-Income Countries Experienced Largest Trade Growth Slowdown in 2007
3.2. Services Trade Grew the Fastest in Mostly High-Income and Upper-Middle-Income Countries
3.3. Trade Integration Has Been Rising across All Income Groups and Most Regions
3.4. Among Developing Regions, MNA and SSA Are the Least Diversified, and ECA and SAS the Most
3.5. Countries with Lower Export Product Concentration Exhibit Less Volatility of Real Export Growth
Tables
3.1. Developing Countries’ Export Growth Decelerated in 2007
3.2. Many MNA and SSA Countries Are among Those with the Lowest Trade Growth
3.3. Energy and Commodity Producers in SSA and a Number of Central Asian Countries Expanded Their World Export Market Shares the Most
3.4. Southeast Asian and Small Countries Are More Integrated Than Larger Developing Countries
3.5. OECD and Large Developing Countries Are Most Diversified, While Oil Exporters, Small, Poor, Landlocked Countries the Least
3.6. Top 5 Export Products for 10 Most and 10 Least Diversified Countries, 2005

Chapter 4. Regional Analyses
East Asia and the Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa

Tables
4.1. EAP Key Trade-Related Indicators
4.2. ECA Key Trade-Related Indicators
4.3. LAC Key Trade-Related Indicators
4.4. MNA Key Trade-Related Indicators
4.5. SAS Key Trade-Related Indicators
4.6. SSA Key Trade-Related Indicators

Appendix A. Definitions of Selected Indicators
Appendix B. Background to the Selection of Trade-Related Indicators
Appendix C. Trade Indicators by Other Institutions
Appendix D. Trade-At-A-Glance Tables, by Income Group
Appendix E. Full List of Indicators
Notes
References



On Development
Development
Human Development
Sustainable Development
Education for Sustainable Development
Environment
Climate Change
Entropy-Sociodynamics



On Development Economics
The Future of Development Economics
The New Economy in Development
The Need to Rethink Development Economics
Development Economics
Economic Literacy
Basic knowledge on economics

RRojas Databank is a member of Development Gateway hosted by The World Bank

Education for Sustainability
Postgraduate courses on
Environment and
Development Education at
London South Bank University

- Part time distance learning
- Full time at the University

- Come visit us at www.lsbu.ac.uk/efs

- Lecture notes
- Notes and papers

- Global Value Chains
- Integrated International
---Production

- International Division of
---Production

- Transnational Corporations
- The Triad ( U.S.A, Japan, E.U.)


- Dependency Theory
- Development Planning
- The Developmental State
- The Neo-liberal State
- Development Economics
- The future of development
--economics

- Foreign Direct Investment
- Factor Payments to Abroad
- The New Economy in
--development

- International Trade


Back to Global Economic Prospects for Develeping Countries

--World Investment Reports
---(the complete series)

--World Investment Reports
---(selected statistics)

-- Planning for Development
UNCTAD areas of work:
Globalization and Development
Development of Africa
Least Developed Countries
Landlocked Developing Countries
Small Island Developing States
International Trade and
Commodities

Services Infrastructure
Investment, Technology and
Enterprise Development


The following databases on-line are available:
Commodity Price Statistics
Foreign Direct Investment
Handbook of Statistics
ICT Statistics
Millennium Indicators
TRAINS

Digital Library:
-- News
-- Main publications
-- UNCTAD Series
-- Basic documents
-- Issues in Brief
-- Newsletters
-- Statistical databases
-- Globalization and
----- Development Strategies

-- Economic Development in
----- Africa

-- International trade
-- Dispute Settlement - Course
----- Modules

-- Investment, Technology and
-----Enterprise Development

-- Services Infrastructure for
--- Development and Trade
----- Efficiency

-- Monographs on Port
----- Management

-- Technical Cooperation
-- Discussion papers
-- G-24 Discussion papers
-- Prebisch Lectures
-- Transnational Corporations
----- Journal

-- Publications Survey 2006-
-----2007



Search:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
World indicators on the environment

World Energy Statistics - Time Series

Economic inequality

Other related themes:
- Aid
- Bureaucracy
- Debt
- Decentralization
- Dependency theory
- Development
- Development Economics
- Economic Policies
- Employment/Unemployment
- Foreign Direct Investment
- Gender
- Human Rights
- Human Development
- Hunger
- Inequality/social exclusion
- Informal sector
- Labour Market
- Microfinance
- Migration
- Poverty
- Privatization
- PRSP
- State/Civil Society/
---Development

- Sustainable Development
- Transnational Corporations
- Urbanization

- Complete list of development themes
Róbinson Rojas on:
Sustainable development in a globalized economy? The odds. 1999
-
Sustainable development in a globalized economy. 1997
-
Making sense of development studies
-
Notes on the philosophy of the capitalist system
-
Notes on economics: assuming scarcity
-
Notes on economics: about obscenities, poverty and inequality
-
Notes on structural adjustment programmes
-
Agenda 21 revisited (notes)
-
15 years of monetarism in Latin America: time to scream
-
Latin America: a failed industrial revolution
-
Latin America: the making of a fractured society
-
Latin America: a dependent mode of production
...