Read on Economic Inequality,
Poverty, Social Exclusion and Corruption in China
|
From Finance and Development - March 2008
Africa's
Burgeoning Ties With China
Jian-Ye Wang and Abdoulaye Bio-Tchané
At the same time that Africa has a responsibility to maximize the benefits
of its economic relationship with China and other nations, China has an
important role to play in ensuring that its economic partnership with
African countries is mutually beneficial.
(244 kb, pdf
file)
|
From The Guardian - 29 December 2007
China abandons plans for huge dam on Yangtze
By David Stanway in Beijing
The Guardian
China has abandoned controversial plans to build a huge dam which would
have submerged one of the country's most renowned tourist areas and
forced the relocation of 100,000 residents in the south-western province
of Yunnan.
In a rare and high-profile victory for China's environmental
movement, the project at Tiger Leaping Gorge on the upper reaches of the
Yangtze river was scrapped during a meeting in the provincial capital,
Kunming.
|
New Left Review 46, July-August 2007
The Chinese Road
Cities in the Transition to Capitalism
By Richard Walker and Daniel Buck
Modern China is undergoing a relentless process of
transformation, from the forests of construction cranes in its coastal cities to
the gargantuan infrastructure projects in its interior. Its economic trajectory
has been equally dramatic: China is now ranked 4th in the world by
gdp, rising from 11th in 1990. A range of developments
testify to its rapid progress along the path to a capitalist economy: the
commodification of land and labour, emergence of private firms, formation of
finance capital, among many others.
Yet China
scholars have been curiously reluctant to apply the classic Marxist idea of a
transition to capitalism—and its corollary, primitive accumulation—to the
Chinese case. Instead, they quite loosely use terms such as globalization,
marketization, post-socialism, reform era and market socialism, seemingly
unaware of how closely the transformations under way in China compare with the
development of capitalism in Europe and North America—not to mention many other
‘late developers’ in Asia and Latin America.
The PRC’s breakneck transition to capitalism seen through
the prism of 19th-century Europe and America, as its cities rehearse the
processes analysed by Marx: commodification of land and labour, formation of
markets and capitalist elites. What lessons might the West’s past hold for
China’s future?
|
United Nations Development Program: China
UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and
connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build
a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their
own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop
local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners.
In China, UNDP fosters human development to empower women and men to build
better lives. As the UN’s development network, UNDP draws on a world of
experience to assist China in developing its own solutions to the country’s
development challenges. Through partnerships and innovation, UNDP works to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals and an equitable Xiao Kang society by
reducing poverty, strengthening rule of the law, promoting environmental
sustainability, and fighting HIV/AIDS.
|
From the Asian Development Bank
Methodology of Country Poverty Alleviation in China
A report on methods, guidelines and processes
Table
of Contents, Acknowledgements, and Executive Summary [ 33 pages ]
- Principles
and philosophy underlying County Poverty Alleviation Planning (CPAP)
42 pages
- Introduction
- Institutional
Change, Governance and Important Poverty Policies
- Motivation
for Change in National Poverty Policy
- Monitoring
Poverty Reduction
- Principles of
County Poverty Alleviation Planning (CPAP)
- The Poverty
Pyramid: A Structural and Philosophical Framework for CPAP
- Poor
Village Identification [ 31 pages ]
- Methods and
Procedures
- Procedures
and methods
- Village
Poverty Reduction Planning [ 16 pages ]
- Principles
- Methods and
procedures
- SWOT &
proposal feasibility analysis
- Beneficiary
analysis
- From project
ideas to technical specifications, indicative budgets, and
resource bids
- Presentation
of a Simple village logframe
- Integration
of CPAP into Development Planning [ 20 pages ]
- Introduction
- Procedures
and methods
- The
Economic Perspectives on Poverty Reduction in Rural China [ 12
pages ]
- Identifying
sources of income in poverty counties
- Economic
aspects of livelihood systems of the poor
- Production
potential and constraints in China’s Poverty
CountiesAnalyzing the industrial and agricultural basis for
poverty reduction planning of county
- Poverty
Reduction in Poverty Counties
- Rural credit
and market-oriented microfinance for poverty reduction
- Recommendations
and Conclusions
- A
Sociological Research on Poverty in China [ 22 pages ]
- The general
characteristics
- Causes of
poverty
- Participatory
poverty evaluation on the vulnerable groups
- Organizing
the participation of poor women in the poverty alleviation
planning
- Analysis on
the village and county poverty alleviation development
planning
- Function of
non-government organizations in planning and developing of
poverty alleviation programs
- The issue of
migration in poverty alleviation
- Recommendations
and policy implications for the planning of participatory
poverty alleviation at the county level
- Infrastructure
Issues in County Poverty Alleviation Planning of China [
27 pages ]
- Impacts of
Infrastructure Development on Poverty
- Poverty
Characteristics and Needs for Infrastructure
- Costs and
Benefits of Infrastructure Investment
- Poor
Participation in Infrastructure Construction and Maintenance
- Prioritization
of Infrastructure Investment
- Regional
Development and Infrastructure
- A
Sociological Research on Poverty in China [ PDF: 319 KB | 32
pages ]
- Introduction
- Summary of
the training courses
- Annex
- Appendixes
[ 99 pages ]
- Poverty
Alleviation and Community Development Planning for Haizigou
Village, Xiaobazi Township, Fengning County, Hebei Province
- Development
of Poverty Reduction Planning Methodology
- Poverty
Alleviation and Development Program
List of Tables
|
From the data files of the World Bank
How to Order
Dancing with
the giants: China, India, and the global
economy - 2007
Authors: Yusuf, Shahid and Winters, L. Alan
Abstract:
This report takes a dispassionate and critical look
at the rise of China and India, and asks questions about
this growth: Where is it occurring? Who is benefiting
most? Is it sustainable? And what are the implications
for the rest of the world? The book considers whether
the Giants' growth will be seriously constrained by
weaknesses in governance, growing inequality, and
environmental stresses, and it concludes that this need
not occur. However, it does suggest that the Chinese and
Indian authorities face important challenges in keeping
their investment climates favorable, their inequalities
at levels that do not undermine growth, and their air
and water quality at acceptable levels. The authors also
consider China's and India's interactions with the
global trading and financial systems and their impact on
the global commons, particularly with regard to climate.
The book finds that the Giants' growth and trade offer
most countries opportunities to gain economically.
However, many countries will face strong adjustment
pressure in manufacturing, particularly those with
competing exports and especially if the Giants'
technical progress is strongly export- enhancing. For a
few countries, mainly in Asia, these pressures could
outweigh the economic benefits of larger markets in, and
cheaper imports from, the Giants; and the growth of
those countries over the next fifteen years will be
slightly lower as a result. The Giants will contribute
to the increase in world commodity and energy prices but
they are not the principal cause of higher oil prices.
The Giants' emissions of CO2 will grow strongly,
especially if economic growth is not accompanied by
steps to enhance energy efficiency. At present, a
one-time window of opportunity exists for achieving
substantial efficiency improvements if ambitious current
and future investment plans embody appropriate
standards. Moreover, doing so will not be too costly or
curtail growth significantly. From their relatively
small positions at present, the Giants will emerge as
significant players in the world financial system as
they grow and liberalize. Rates of reserve asset
accumulation likely will slow, and emerging pressures
will encourage China to reduce its current account
surplus.
|
ChinaWatch
Invasive
Snail, Other Species Threaten China's Eco-Security
Zijun
Li – September 12, 2006 – 5:03am
Over the past three
months, the Amazonian Snail, also known as the golden apple snail, has
wreaked havoc on public health and agricultural land in China. Since
June, the city of Beijing has reported 131 cases of people infected
with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a lungworm parasite carried
by the mollusk, which is native to South America.
China
to Invest in "Combustible Ice" As New Energy Source, Bringing
Potential Environmental Threats
Yingling
Liu – September 7, 2006 – 5:51am
Over the next decade,
China plans to invest 800 million RMB (US $100 million) in the
development of methane gas hydrate—so-called “combustible
ice”—to meet its rising energy demand and alleviate heavy
dependence on fossil fuels.
Acid
Rain Affects One-Third of China; Main Pollutants Are Sulfur Dioxide and
Particulate Matter
Zijun
Li – August 31, 2006 – 12:32am
Acid rain caused by
worsening air pollution now affects one-third of China’s landmass,
threatening soil quality and food safety, according to Sheng Huaren,
vice chairman of the standing committee of China’s National
People’s Congress.
China
to Charge for Urban Sewage Treatment Later This Year
Zijun
Li – August 24, 2006 – 8:03pm
China's urban citizens
will soon be facing higher water bills as the country imposes a new
charge for city sewage treatment later this year.
China's
Income Gap Widening; ADB Says Addressing Rural Poverty is the Solution
Zijun
Li – August 22, 2006 – 5:18am
A recent study by
China’s National Development Reform Commission reports that the
country’s Gini Index, a measure of household income distribution,
has reached 0.4 (up from 0.37 in 2003), indicating that the rich-poor
gap nationwide continues to grow.
---------------------
|
From The World Bank - September 2006
Africa's Silk Road:
China and India's New Economic Frontier
China and India Breaking New Economic Ground in Africa;
South-South Trade and Investment Create Imbalance, Opportunities
--------------------- |
From Monthly Review - July-August 2006
Conditions
of the Working Classes in China
By Robert Weil
This
article is based primarily on a series of meetings with workers, peasants,
organizers, and leftist activists that I participated in during the summer
of 2004, together with Alex Day and another student of Chinese affairs. It
is part of a longer paper that is being published as a special report by
the Oakland Institute. The meetings took place mainly in and around
Beijing, as well as in Jilin province in the northeast, and in the cities
of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng in the central province of Henan. What we heard
reveals in stark fashion the effects of the massive transformations that
have occurred in the three decades following the death of Mao Zedong, with
the dismantling of the revolutionary socialist policies carried out under
his leadership, and a return to the "capitalist road," leaving
the working classes in an increasingly precarious position. A rapidly
widening polarization-in a society that was among the most egalitarian-is
occurring between extremes of wealth at the top and growing ranks of
workers and peasants at the bottom whose conditions of life are daily
worsening. Exemplifying this, the 2006 Fortune list of global billionaires
includes seven in mainland China and one in Hong Kong. Though their
holdings are small compared to those in the United States and elsewhere,
they represent the emergence of a full-blown Chinese capitalism. Rampant
corruption unites party and state authorities and enterprise managers with
the new private entrepreneurs in a web of alliances that are enriching a
burgeoning capitalist class, while the working classes are exploited in
ways that have not been seen for over half a century.
------------------ |
From United Nations University
World Institute for Development Economic Research:
DP2003/54
Martin Ravallion:
Externalities
in Rural Development: Evidence for China
(PDF
226KB)
The paper tests for external effects of local economic activity on consumption and income
growth at the farm household level using panel data from four provinces of post-reform
rural China. The tests allow for nonstationary fixed effects in the consumption growth
process. Evidence is found of geographic externalities, stemming from spillover effects of
the level and composition of local economic activity and private returns to local human and
physical infrastructure endowments. The results suggest an explanation for rural
underdevelopment arising from underinvestment in certain externality-generating
activities, of which agricultural development emerges as the most important.
-
RP2004/56
Yin Zhang and Guanghua Wan: Output
and Price Fluctuations in China’s Reform Years: What Role did Money Play?
(PDF 219KB)
RP2004/55
Yin Zhang and Guanghua Wan: What
Accounts for China’s Trade Balance Dynamics? (PDF
216KB)
RP2004/54
Yin Zhang and Guanghua Wan: China’s
Business Cycles: Perspectives from an AD–AS Model (PDF
191KB)
RP2006/48
Justin Yifu Lin, Mingxing Liu, Shiyuan Pan, and Pengfei Zhang: Development
Strategy, Viability, and Economic Institutions: The Case of China
(PDF
206KB)
-------------------------
|
From The Economist - 10 August 2006
Chaos in the classroom
An education policy torn between the market and the state
The students at Shengda Economics, Trade and Management College, in the quiet
rural town of Longhu, in the central province of Henan, are among the most
privileged in China. So why did they go on a rampage at the beginning of summer?
In June thousands of them stormed through the grounds of their college, smashing
windows and throwing stones at police cars. It was one of the biggest and most
unruly protests on a university campus reported in China since the 1980s.
---------------------- |
From The Economist - 30 March 2006
The white peril
China is starting to worry about the size and impact of the foreign
investment it has so assiduously courted.
“HEAVEN help China,” said a front-page headline last December in China
Industry News, a normally staid state-owned daily paper. For four months,
the newspaper had been running a series of reports into takeovers of Chinese
machine manufacturers by foreign companies. If such buy-outs of key firms were
allowed to continue unfettered, the newspaper quoted “experts” as saying, China
would lose the high-value-added core of industry built up by the “hard struggle
of successive generations” since the communist takeover in 1949.
------------------------ |
From The Economist - 16 March 2006
Commuting poverty
Poor peasants surround Beijing
“EUROPEAN cities with an African countryside” is how a report published in China
this month describes the gap between booming Beijing, the nearby port-city of
Tianjin and a “belt of poverty” around them. It is an exaggeration. No Chinese
city has western European levels of development, and African-style deprivation
is rarely seen in China. Yet the gap is huge and growing. For increasingly vocal
critics of China's imbalanced development, it is a particularly alarming
example."
-------------- |
From The New York Times - 12 March 2006
A Sharp Debate Erupts in China Over Ideologies
By Joseph
Kahn
"For the first time in perhaps a decade, the
National People's Congress, the Communist Party-run legislature now
convened in its annual two-week session, is consumed with an ideological
debate over socialism and capitalism that many assumed had been buried by China's
long streak of fast economic growth.
The controversy has forced the government to shelve a draft law to
protect property rights that had been expected to win pro forma passage
and highlighted the resurgent influence of a small but vocal group of
socialist-leaning scholars and policy advisers. These old-style leftist
thinkers have used China's rising income gap and increasing social unrest
to raise doubts about what they see as the country's headlong pursuit of
private wealth and market-driven economic development.
------------------- |
BBC World - 23
November 2005
China city braces for toxic spill
Residents of one of China's biggest cities are bracing for the arrival of a toxic chemical
spill following an industrial accident on its river. Authorities have shut off water to
Harbin after confirmation that the accident 10 days ago sent pollution downstream towards
the city. "Benzene levels were 108 times above national safety levels,"
said China's Environment Protection Administration.
----------------------
China's murky waters
An alert about industrial pollution threatening the Chinese city of Harbin has cast the
spotlight on the huge challenge China faces improving its water system, as the BBC's Nick
Mackie reports from Chongqing. In the forested hills above the smoggy central Chinese city
of Chongqing, a tiny brook trickles through the tall bamboo. It is called the Qingshuixi,
or "pure stream". Among the trees, a metre-high concrete dam forms a pool that
holds around a barrel of clear water. This is the reservoir for over 30 households who
live 100 metres downhill and collect their supplies in buckets. In a country where booming
headlines boast near-double digit growth, this may seem primitive. But the families here
are actually lucky, and certainly better off than the Chinese government's estimate of 360
million people who lack access to safe drinking water
---------------------
Clean water crisis
30 June 2005
China's rapid economic growth has left its rivers polluted and more than 300 million
people without clean drinking water, a top lawmaker has said. The lawmaker, Sheng Huaren,
said laws to prevent pollution had failed. Beijing has asked local authorities to improve
water standards, but with no promise of funding it is unlikely any action will be taken. A
BBC correspondent in Beijing says more than 90% of urban China already suffers from some
degree of water pollution.
------------------------ |
From
washingtonpost.com - June 5 2005
Rumsfeld:
China's Military Buildup a Threat
By MATT KELLEY
The Associated Press
Saturday, June 4, 2005; 6:44 AM
SINGAPORE -- China's military buildup, particularly its positioning of hundreds of
missiles facing Taiwan, is a threat to Asian security, Defense Secretary Donald H.
Rumsfeld said Saturday.
Rumsfeld rebuked China at a regional security conference here, saying it was pouring huge
resources into its military and buying large amounts of sophisticated weapons despite
facing no threat from any other country.
-----------------
The official Chinese answer to Rumsfeld's attack
Don Quixote in
the Pentagon
Since the formation of the new interim Iraqi government and the shift of US army's main
task to the training of new army and police for Iraq, senior officers of the Pentagon,
like Don Quixote, are again seeking new rivals worldwide, thus beginning to preach the
"China threat theory", of whom, the most energetic trumpeter is Defense
Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.
------------------- |
14 April 2005 -
From The New York Times
Rural Chinese Riot as Police Try to Halt
Pollution Protest
By Jiam Hardley
Thousands of people rioted Sunday in a village in southeastern China, overturning police
cars and driving away officers who had tried to stop elderly villagers from protesting
against pollution from nearby factories, witnesses said Wednesday.
By Wednesday afternoon, the witnesses say, crowds convened in the village, Huaxi, in
Zhejiang Province to gawk at a stunning tableau of destroyed police cars and shattered
windows. Police officers were reported to be barring reporters from the scene, but local
people reached by telephone said villagers controlled the riot area.
---------------------- |
From
The Economist - 10 April 2005
The silent majority
Beihe village, Shandong
A rare look inside a Chinese village
IN A country where 800m people, about 60% of the population, live in the countryside on an
average income of less than a dollar a day, rural backwardness weighs heavily on the minds
of China's leaders as they dream of joining the ranks of the world's leading economies.
And in a country whose Communist Party came to power on the back of a peasant rebellion,
distant memories of the vehemence of rural discontent arouse fears that unless something
is done to make peasants happier, China will be plunged into turmoil. To assess China's
future, it is crucial to understand the countryside. But it is not easy. Despite China's
increasing openness to prying foreign eyes, the dynamics of village life remain hidden
away. Although the Chinese media report extensively on rural problems, foreign journalists
require government approval to conduct interviews in the countryside (as indeed, in
theory, they do for any off-base reporting in China).
-------------------- |
1 March 2005
The U.S. and China - The Global Economy's Odd Couple
By Guy Pfeffermann and Bernard Wasow
The United States and China are united in some strange ways, including that they are both
experiencing greater income inequality. They also engage in some other risky economic
policies. Guy Pfeffermann and Bernard Wasow explore the reasons behind the U.S.-Chinese
cycle of mutual dependence.
------------------ |
3 books that can
change your mind in 2005 about the geo-politic and geo-economic dynamics going on
Interviews by Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues , editor of Gurusonline.tv,
January 2005
The China Factor and the Overstretch of the US hegemony
George Zhibin Gu, Chinese consultant based in
Shenzhen and author of the forthcoming "China's Global Reach" (Haworth Press,
US)
Chalmers Johnson, president of the Japan Policy Research Institute and author of
"The Sorrows of Empire" (Metropolitan Books, US)
André Gunder Frank, associate of the Luxembourg Institute for Education and
International Studies and author of the forthcoming "ReOrient the Nineteenth
Century" (a sequel of his 1998's "ReOrient")
------- Note by Róbinson Rojas:
I recommend A. G. Frank paper "Meeting
Uncle Sam -without clothes..." for a deeper understanding of his remarks
in the above interview |
Published in
Monthly Review website, January 2005
On December 24, 2004, Maoists in China get three year prison
sentence for leafleting
When liberal writers Liu Xiaobo and Yu Jie were
recently (and briefly) detained by Chinese police, there was a world wide chorus of
denunciation. The liberal writers' endorsement of the U.S. aggression in Iraq made them
even more heroic in the eyes of the Murdoch-dominated press. Not surprisingly, there has
been no coverage whatsoever of a more egregious case of crackdown on dissent—because
it is dissent from the left. On December 21, 2004, four Maoists were tried in Zhengzhou
for having handed out leaflets that denounced the restoration of capitalism in China and
called for a return to the “socialist road.”
--------------- |
Rivers Run Black, and Chinese Die of Cancer
September 12, 2004
By JIM YARDLEY, The New York Times
---
Note by Róbinson Rojas: This investigation by Jim Yardley illustrates what the
Chinese capitalist ruling class is doing in China to make of its economy a
"powerhouse" for the enrichment of the few and the suffering of the many. This
is what some of us define as "savage capitalism". Of course, this
local environmental catastrophe help to make even more dramatic the global environmental
catastrophe, both driven by the partnership between the Chinese capitalist class and the
international capitalist class. It seems to me that international public action is
necessary to stop this crime against the Chinese population and life on planet earth.
---
|
OECD document:
Environmental Priorities for China Sustainable
Development (pdf,
287Kb,English)
View
long abstract 03-Mar-2004
------------------- |
China's growing pains
Aug 19th 2004
From The Economist print edition
The dark side of China's stunning boom includes pollution and a collapsing state
health-care system |
China's Land Grabs Raise Specter of Popular
Unrest
Peasants Resist Developers, Local Officials
By Edward Cody
Washington Post Foreign Service
October 5, 2004
FUZHOU, China -- A half-dozen policemen burst into Lin Zhengxu's home and grabbed him as
he awoke from an afternoon nap. After beating and kicking him, family and neighbors
recalled, the policemen immobilized Lin's arms by pulling his shirt halfway over his head.
Then they tried to carry him off to jail. But the police had not counted on Lin's friends
and neighbors. After years of fighting back against the government's seizure of their rice
paddies and vegetable plots, they fought to help the man leading their battle. |
D. T. Rowland, 1992
Family characteristics of internal migration
in China
Social factors and family considerations play an
important part in shaping migration patterns and influencing outcomes
|
China's economic reforms likely to increase
internal migration
(October 2002) Despite the restrictions and economic
penalties associated with migration in China, large numbers of rural Chinese are leaving
their villages for cities and coastal provinces, and many more will likely do so now that
China is a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
|
From The Economist
- April 2000
Demystifying
China. A Survey
----------------------- |
Cai Fang, 2000
The invisible hand and visible feet:
internal migration in China
As a part of traditional planned economy, population migration and labor
mobility in China were strictly controlled by the authorities before the 1980s.
To be more precise, cross-regional migration was controlled by public
security departments and it was almost impossible to make any rural-urban
migration without authoritative plans or official agreement; Industrial
transfer of labor force was controlled by departments of labor and personnel
management, and there was no free labor market at all. But the most strictly
controlled were the transfer from rural to urban areas, and from farmers to
non-agricultural workers. This control has functioned through the Household
Registration System (Hukou System), a typical Chinese registration system
of permanent residence that segregates rural and urban areas strictly.
|
Chen Chunlai, 1997:
Provincial
characteristics and foreign direct investment location decision within China |
Chen Chunlai, 1997:
The location determinant
of Foreign Direct Investment in developing countries |
Chen Chunlai, 1997:
Comparison of investment
behaviour of source countries in China |
I. Ramonet, August
2004
China wakes up and alarm the world |
| Human Rights in China |
| Shanghai Urban Environment Project |
DP 2001/76 Qingxuan Meng and Mingzhi Li: New Economy and ICT
Development in China (PDF 259KB)
DP 2001/24 Laixiang Sun: Economics of China's
Joint-Stock Co-operatives (PDF 104KB)
DP2003/54
Martin Ravallion: Externalities in
Rural Development: Evidence for China (PDF 226KB)
DP2002/13
Jiahua Che: From
the Grabbing Hand to the Helping Hand: A Rent Seeking Model of China's Township-Village
Enterprises (PDF 378KB)
|
STRATFOR
INTELLIGENCE BRIEF (29 April 2004)
Moscow Takes Charge of Chinese-Russian Trade Relations
Moscow's fear of Beijing's encroaching economic power
is prompting Russia to erect trade barriers against its southern neighbor. Russia will
continue to sell China oil and weapons -- but on Russian terms. |
Country Economic Memorandum (WB
15/Sept./2003)
China. Promoting Growth with Equity
"International experience suggests that the
effect of globalization on economic growth, poverty and income distribution can vary
significantly among countries, and that its impact depends crucially on national policies.
This report assesses the possible patterns of inequality in China in the future, and
outlines policy options that could help accomplish China ' s objective of growth with
equity. For sustaining growth, the report emphasizes the freer flow of resources and goods
and services in the economy, to be achieved by domestic market integration and
flexibility. The report suggests that the cost of market fragmentation and rigidities is
high, and highlights measures to reduce local protectionism, facilitate migration, and
commercialize the banking sector. To optimize the results of domestic market integration
and promote growth with equity, the report proposes a package of policy actions that would
promote new job opportunities, especially in the less developed regions, and raise returns
on farm labor and land. Among these, the report highlights investing in people, promoting
the diffusion of technology, facilitating urban agglomeration, expanding services and
enhancing farmers ' prospects. Finally, the report tackles the social, economic and fiscal
risks that may threaten future growth and distributional performance. In particular, it
suggests extending different types of formal social security in both urban and rural
areas, for fixing the inter- government fiscal system in order to facilitate the provision
of public services, and for managing fiscal risk beyond the government budget and
officially recognized debt..." |
World Bank: World Development Indicators 2001 for China
Background of NIPR's China Research |
China
Dimensions Data Collection:
A variety of socioeconomic data
including Geographic Information System (GIS) databases that cover the administrative
regions of China, presented at a scale of 1:1,000,000. These databases may be integrated
with agricultural, land use, environmental, and socioeconomic data to track China's
economic growth, population increases, and environmental change. |
IIASA: Can
China feed itself? A System for Evaluation of Policy
In Focus: China in the WTO: the debate |
Haishun Sun
Dilip Dutta: China's
economic growth during 1984-93: a case of regional dualism
T. Heberer: The peasantry as the motive force for change in the
People's Republic of China |
| In Focus: The big issues in U.S.-China relations:the silent debate |
China's
intelligence on U.S. nuclear arsenal:
Stolen Technology
Used in Three Years (Financial Times)
THE COX REPORT:
Overview of the
Cox report
PRC Theft
of U.S. Nuclear Warhead Design Information
High Performance
Computers (Edited by Dr. Róbinson Rojas)
Satellite
Launches in the PRC - Loral
Satellite
Launches in the PRC - Hughes
U.S.
Export Policy Toward the PRC
Launch Site Security in the
PRC
Manufacturing
Processes
Recommendations
Appendices
PRC
Missile and Space Forces
Commercial
Space Insurance |
The Cox
Report
(The United States House of Representatives) |
Washington Post: China
CIA
World Factbook 1997: China
The World Bank: East
Asia and the Pacific
Inside China Today — Service
of the European Information Network, Inc.
Reuters : China to
shutter small steel plants ( January 2000)
Dai Xiaohua: 'East
Asian Model': A few problems, but it works
China's Financial
Reform: Achievements and Challenges.
B. Naughton
Institutional
Implications of WTO Accession for China.
R. Steinberg
_________________________________
D.Welker: The
Chinese Military-Industrial Complex Goes Global, 1997
M. Noland: China and
the international economic system, 1995
Amei Zhang: Economic Growth and Human
Development in China, 1996
Y. Fernandez and P. Tonchev: China in East Asia: from isolation to a regional superpower status (1998)
_______________________________________________
China Academic Journal
Publications
China WWWVL-Internet
Guide for China Studies
Human rights in China
_______________________________________________
China Informed
Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding
The South China Morning Post
Internet Edition
China News Digest
Digital Chinese Library (University of California)
Yahoo on China
China
and the IMF |
| |
| |
| China-US Relations...........................Back |
M. Noland: US-China Economic
Relations-1996
United States Trade |
| Taiwan.......
.Back |
Asia and the Pacific
Taiwan statistical yearbooks
National Statistics
Government Information Office
Taiwan Security Research |
| Cultural Revolution....................................Back |
Decision Concerning
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Adopted on 8 August 1966, by the CC
of the CCP)
Chang Chun-chiao:On
Excercising All-round Dictatorship over the bourgeoisie
Yao Wen-yuan:On
The Social Basis Of The Lin Piao Anti-Party Clique
Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy: Chinese Marxism
R.Rojas:Class
Stratification in the Chinese Countryside (1979)
R.Rojas:Class
Analysis in Socialist China (1977)
R.Rojas:The Chinese
attempt to build a socialist society (notes)
R.Rojas:On
the cultural revolution (1968)
R.Rojas:The
end of the Chinese revolution (1978) |
| International Trade..............................Back |
Ministry of Commerce of the
People's Republic of China
Statistics on
Imports and Exports
China: Exports
1985-1996
China: Imports
1985-1996 China:
Trade by country, 1993-1996
Ninth Ministerial
Meeting of the Group of 77 and China on Globalization (1999) |
| Hong Kong...........................
.........Back |
HK Government Information Centre
Hong Kong
Trade Development Council
Washington Post: Hong Kong
Newspapers:
Apple Daily
Asia Times
Express News
Hong Kong Commercial Daily
Hong Kong Racing Journal
Hong Kong Standard
Ming Pao
The Saint News Sing Tao
South China Morning Post
Ta Kung Pao |
| Mao Zedong selected works................Back |
On class
analysis
Analysis of the
classes in Chinese society (1926)
How to differentiate the classes in
the rural areas (1933)
On political and economic work
Report on an
investigation of the peasant movement in Hunan (1927)
Why is it that red
political power can exist in China? (1928)
On correcting mistakes
ideas in the Party (1929)
Pay attention to economic work
(1933)
Our Economic Policy
(1934) Be
concerned with the well-being of the masses, pay attention
to methods of work
(1934)
On protracted war
(1938)
In memory of Norman
Bethune (1939)
On new democracy
(1940)
On epistemology
On Practice. On the
relation between knowledge and practice, between knowing and doing (1937)
On Contradiction
(1937)
On the Ten Great
Relationships (1956)
On the Soviet betrayal of the socialist revolution
On Khrushchov's
phoney communism and its historical lessons (1964)
Refutation of the
so-called party of the entire people (1964)
The polemic on the
general line of the international communist movement
On bureaucratic
socialism
Read also:
Texts by Mao Zedong published by the Maoist
Internationalist Movement |
|
Foreign
Direct Investment, Domestic Investment, and Economic Growth in
China: A Time Series Analysis
Sumei Tang, E. A. Selvanathan and S. Selvanathan
- 2008
In this paper, we investigate the causal link between foreign direct investment (FDI),
domestic investment and economic growth in China for the period 1988-2003. Towards this
purpose, a multivariate VAR system with error correction model (ECM) and the innovation
accounting (variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis) techniques are
used. The results show that while there is a bi-directional causality between domestic
investment and economic growth, there is only a single-directional causality from FDI to
domestic investment and to economic growth. Rather than crowding out domestic
investment, FDI is found to be complementary with domestic investment. Thus, FDI has not
only assisted in overcoming shortage of capital, it has also stimulated economic growth
through complementing domestic investment in China.
|
Foreign
Direct Investment from China, India and South Africa in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A New or Old Phenomenon?
John Henley, Stefan Kratzsch, Mithat Külür, and Tamer
Tandogan - 2008
The burgeoning literature on outward foreign direct investment from emerging markets has
largely focused on analysing the motives of investors as reported by parent companies. This
paper, instead, focuses on firm-level investments originating from China, India or South Africa
in fifteen host countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The analysis is based on a sub-set of
firms drawn from the overall sample of 1,216 foreign-owned firms participating in the UNIDO
Africa Foreign Investor Survey, carried out in 2005. The sample of investments originating
from China, India and South Africa is analysed in terms of firm characteristics, past and forecast
performance in SSA over three years and management’s perception of ongoing business
conditions. Comparisons are made with foreign investors from the North. The paper concludes
that while investors in SSA from the three countries are primarily using their investment to
target specific markets, they are largely operating in different sub-sectors. While there appear to
be specific features that firms from a given country of origin share, there are no obvious
operating-level features they all share apart from market seeking.
|
Approaching
a Triumphal Span: How Far Is China Towards its Lewisian
Turning Point?
Fang Cai - 2008
With the aid of an analytical framework of the Lewis model revised to reflect the
experience of China, this paper examines the country’s dualistic economic development
and its unique characteristics. The paper outlines the major effects of China’s growth as
achieved during the course of economic reform and the opening-up of the country: the
exploitation of the demographic dividend, the realization of comparative advantage, the
improvement of total factor productivity, and participation in economic globalization.
By predicting the long-term relationship between the labour force demand and supply,
the paper reviews the approaching turning point in China’s economic development and
examines a host of challenges facing the country in sustaining growth.
|
China
in the World Economy: Dynamic Correlation Analysis of Business
Cycles
Jarko Fidrmuc and Ivana Bátorová
- 2008
We analyse the business cycles in China and in selected OECD countries between 1992
and 2006. We show that, although negative correlation dominates for nearly all
countries, we can also see large differences for various frequencies of cyclical
developments. On the one hand, nearly all OECD countries show positive correlations
of the very short-run developments that may correspond to intensive supplier linkages.
On the other hand, business cycle frequencies (cycles with periods between 1.5 and 8
years) are typically negative. Nevertheless, countries facing a comparably longer history
of intensive trading links tend to show also slightly higher correlations of business
cycles with China.
|
Comparing
Regional Development in China and India
Yanrui Wu - 2008
Economic growth in China and India has attracted many headlines recently. As a result,
the literature comparing the two Asian giants has expanded substantially. This paper
adds to the literature by comparing regional growth, disparity and convergence in the
two economies. This is the first of its kind. The paper presents a detailed examination of
economic growth in the regions of China and India over the past twenty years. It also
provides an assessment of regional disparity in the two countries and investigates
whether there is any evidence of regional convergence during the period of rapid
economic growth. It attempts to identify the sources of regional disparity and hence
draw policy implications for economic development in the two countries in the near
future.
|
The
Impact of Reform on Economic Growth in China: A Principal
Component Analysis
Ligang Song and Yu Sheng
- 2008
The study decomposes the sources of Chinese growth by first making a distinction between
technological progress and technical efficiency in the growth accounting framework, and then
identifying a series of reform programmes, such as urbanization, structural change,
privatization, liberalization, banking and fiscal system reforms as the key components in
institutional innovation which facilitate the improvement of technical efficiency and through
which economic growth. These components are then incorporated into the model specification,
which is estimated based on a panel dataset by applying the principal component analysis (PCA)
to eliminate the multicollinearity problem. The results show that urbanization, liberalization and
structural change in the form of industrialization are the most important components in
contributing to the improvement of technical efficiency and hence growth, highlighting the
importance of government policies aimed at enhancing further urbanization, openness to trade
and industrial structural adjustments to sustain the growth momentum in China. The study also
found that the potential for further enhancing growth through technical efficiency in China is
considerable, which can be realized by deepening state-owned enterprises (SOEs) restructuring,
and banking and fiscal system reform.
|
Measuring
the Competitive Threat from China
Rhys Jenkins - 2008
In recent years there has been a growing literature that analyses the threat which
Chinese exports pose to the exports of other developing countries. The paper provides a
critique of the standard measures of export similarity which have been used to estimate
the threat from China in these studies. Two alternative indices, the static and the
dynamic index of competitive threat, are developed and estimated for 18 developing
countries and compared with estimates for the standard measures. It is shown that the
latter tend to underestimate the extent to which countries are threatened by China. They
also distort both the rankings of countries according to the extent to which they face
competition from China and the direction of change in the competitive threat over time.
|
Trade
Expansion of China and India: Threat or Opportunity
Mahvash Saeed Qureshi and Guanghua Wan - 2008
By exploring the export performances and specialization patterns of China and India, we
assess their trade competitiveness and complementarity vis-à-vis each other as well as with
the rest of the world. Our analysis indicates that (i) India faces tough competition from
China in the third markets especially in clothing, textile and leather products; (ii) there is a
moderate potential for expanding trade between the two countries; (iii) China poses a
challenge for the East Asian economies, the US, and most of the European countries
especially in medium-technology industries; (iv) India appears to be a competitor mainly for
its neighbouring South Asian countries; and (v) complementarity exists between the imports
of China and India, and the exports of the US, some European states and East Asian
countries, especially Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, implying
opportunities for trade expansion; and finally (vi) the export structure of China is changing
with the exports of skill intensive and high-technology products increasing and those of
labour-intensive products decreasing gradually. This suggests that challenges created by
China in traditional labour-intensive products might reduce in the long run.
|
Official information from People's Republic
of China:
China 2005
Facts and Figures
From the official Chinese government web portal:
White Papers
China View - Xinhua online
-
China Internet Information Center
|
Institute of World Economics
and Politics
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Books
Academic
papers
China
% World Economy
The
Journal of World Economy
Table
of contents
Journal
of World Economics and Politics
Table
of contents
International
Economic Review
Table
of contents
The
Yearbook of World Economy
Table
of contents
Statistical
Data
|
From The People's Daily - Beijing - 16 March 2007
China's parliament adopts enterprise income tax law
China's parliament, the National People's Congress, adopted the enterprise
income tax law Friday morning with 2,826 votes for and 37 against, and 22
abstentions, a key signal of a phase-in end of superior treatments to foreign
investors for two decades.
The 60-article law was ratified by the lawmakers as they concluded their
11.5-day annual full session at the Great Hall of the People in downtown Beijing. The law is due to take effect on Jan. 1,2008.
The voting result, announced by NPC Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo, was warmly applauded by lawmakers. Four
legislators did not cast their votes.
The law, which sets unified income tax rate for domestic and foreign
companies at 25 percent, came after years of criticism that the original dual
income tax mechanism is unfair to domestic enterprises.
2 March 2007
Official
report points to widening income gap in China
Salaries have grown steadily in China over the past 15 years, but the income gap
has widened significantly, according to a report by the National Development and
Reform Commission.
Urbanites earn three times as much as rural
dwellers on average, according to the report. In 2005 the top 10 percent of city
earners earned nine times as much as the poorest 10 percent and in rural areas
the gap was a factor of 7.
|
China Education and Research Network
-------------- |
UNCTAD 2005
China in a globalizing world
----------------- |
Report on the work of the
government
Delivered at the Fourth Session of the
Tenth National People's Congress on March 5, 2006, by
Wen Jiabao,
Premier of the State Council
Part
I Part
II Part
III
-----------
Obstructers
of cross-Straits relations doomed to fail: Chinese Premier (10:54,
March 05, 2006)
Facts
and figures: China's drive to build socialist new countryside (10:23,
March 05, 2006)
Facts
and figures: China's major achievements in 2005 (10:23,
March 05, 2006)
Facts
and figures: China's major targets for 2006 (10:23,
March 05, 2006)
China
pledges elimination of rural compulsory education charges in two
years (10:20, March 05, 2006)
China
to cut energy consumption by 4 percent in 2006 (10:04,
March 05, 2006)
China
to spend 14% more in building "new countryside" (10:04,
March 05, 2006)
China
hikes sci-tech input by 19.2%, jump-starting drive for
"innovative country" (09:52,
March 05, 2006)
China
to see 7.5 percent annual growth in next 5 years (10:04,
March 05, 2006)
China
expects 8% growth in 2006: Premier Wen (10:25,
March 05, 2006)
Premier
Wen delivers report on the work of the government (10:32,
March 05, 2006)
China's
defense budget to exceed 280 billion yuan (09:39,
March 05, 2006)
--------------------
|
The second generation of migrant workers
Year 2005
Peripheral
Citizens -- The 2nd Generation Migrant Worker - December
31
Towards
True Urbanization - December
28
China's
Floating Citizens - December
27
1
Million Migrant Workers in Shanghai Join Trade Unions - December
16
East
China Migrant Workers Seek Spouses Through Haste Marriage - December
16
Equal
Opportunities for Education - November
29
Rise
in Rural Divorces - November
29
Migrant
Workers Struck in Loosening Wedlock - November
25
Cities
Urged to Open Wider to Migrant Workers - November
18
Migrant
Workers Becoming Rural Middle Class - November
15
'Small
Potatoes' Help Keep Order - November
02
Mobiles
Better Migrant Workers' Lives - October
21
Migrant
Workers Barred from Tourist Resort - October
19
Name,
But Do Not Shame, Migrant Workers - October
10
Specific
Migrant Workers' Rights Reg Issued - September
16
Outstanding
Migrant Workers Praised - September
13
Hangzhou's
Migrant Workers to Get Resident Status by 2010 - September
12
Long,
Hard Road to Retrieve Defaulted Wages - July
17
Guangdong
to Adopt New Laws to Protect Workers' Rights - June
03
Urban,
Rural Children as Equals - June
01
Nation
Seeks Inter-provincial Labor Cooperation - June
01
Chinese
Construction Workers Join Trade Unions - May
30
Migrants
Search for a New Life - April
27
Migrants
Learn About Legal Rights - April
19
-----------------
|
Address by President Hu Jintao of China at the Opening Ceremony of
the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum
Beijing - 16 May 2005
The theme of the Forum, "China and the New Asian Century", gives full expression
to the widespread interest in the prospects of development in China and Asia as a whole,
as well as in the impact of their development on global economic growth. It also shows
that with surging economic globalization, China and Asia arequickly becoming a new growth
engine for the world while the global boom is also generating more important opportunities
for China and Asia. Continued mutually-beneficial economic cooperation and rising
interdependence among the world's countries will usher in an even better future for global
economy in development.
----------------- |
5 March 2005
Third Session. 10th National People's Congress
From Xinjua News agency:
-- Wen
Reiterates Longing for Harmonious Society
-- Premier:
China Targets 8% Growth in 2005
-- Chinese
Mainland Keeps Working for Resumption of Cross-Strait Talks
-- All
Agricultural Taxes to Be Scrapped in 2006
-- Govt
Proposes US$1.3b on Reemployment in 2005
-- China to
Finish Trimming 200,000 Troops This Year
-- Four-point
Guidelines on Cross-Straits Relations Set Forth by President Hu (Full Text) >
------------------- |
China issues white paper on employment
Beijing.-(26 April 2004).- The 13,290-word White Paper
in square Chinese characters notes that China has a population of nearly 1.3 billion, and
therefore, to solve the employment issue in the country is a strenuous, arduous and
pressing task.
In Detail
| Full Text
| China's
employment problem
China moves to raise employment in rural
areas |
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Statistical
communique of the People's Republic of China on the 2002 national, economic and social
development
1st part---
2nd part
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
February 28, 2003
------------------ |
China 2002
Facts and Figures
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