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From the World Bank Group (published on 22nd April 2006)
World Development Indicators 2006
Foreword v
acknowledgments vi
Preface vii
Partners xii
Users guide xx


1. World view
Introduction 1
Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators 18
Tables
1.1 Size of the economy 20
1.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and improving lives 24
1.3 Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment 28
1.4 Millennium Development Goals: overcoming obstacles 32
1.5 Women in development 34
1.6 Key indicators for other economies 38

Text figures, tables, and boxes
goal 1 Poverty rates are falling, but progress has been uneven 2
Country by country progress on poverty 3
Malnutrition rates are predicted to fall everywhere—except in Sub-Saharan Africa 3
Malnutrition—a persistent problem 3
goal 2 More children everywhere are completing primary school 4
Country by country progress toward universal primary education 5
A long march to literacy 5
Patterns of school attendance 5
goal 3 More girls in school, but many countries have missed the 2005 target 6
Country by country progress toward equal enrollment 7
Degrees of difference 7
Wealth, gender, and location make a difference 7
goal 4 Improving the odds for children 8
Country by country progress toward reduced child mortality 9
Prevention comes first 9
Cruel differences 9
goal 5 Mothers at risk in Africa and South Asia 10
Country by country progress in providing skilled care at births 11
Decreasing risk of young motherhood 11
Poor women need reproductive health services 11
goal 6 As the hiv/aids epidemic matures, the death toll keeps rising 12
The hiv epidemic can be reversed 13
Tuberculosis rates on the rise or falling slowly 13
Malaria is a leading killer in Africa 13
Poor children bear the burden of malaria 13
goal 7 Water and sanitation—basic services needed by all 14
Country by country progress toward access to water . . . 15
. . . and to sanitation 15
Forests falling 15
Fuel for climate change—high carbon dioxide emitters 15
goal 8 Many sources and many patterns 16
Official development assistance is rising, but still too little 17
Tariffs remain high on poor countries’ exports 17
Debt service is falling, but more relief is needed 17
New technologies are spreading quickly 17
1.1a Developing countries produce slightly less than half the world’s output 23
1.2a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 1–5 27
1.3a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 6–7 31
1.4a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goal 8 33


2. People
Introduction 41
Tables
2.1 Population dynamics 46
2.2 Labor force structure 50
2.3 Employment by economic activity 54
2.4 Child labor 58
2.5 Unemployment 62
2.6 Wages and productivity 66
2.7 Poverty 70
2.8 Distribution of income or consumption 76
2.9 Assessing vulnerability and security 80
2.10 Education inputs 84
2.11 Participation in education 88
2.12 Education efficiency 92
2.13 Education completion and outcomes 96
2.14 Health expenditure, services, and use 100
2.15 Disease prevention coverage and quality 104
2.16 Reproductive health 108
2.17 Nutrition 112
2.18 Death risk factors and public health challenges 116
2.19 Mortality 120

Text figures, tables, and boxes
2a total fertility rates by region, 1970, 1980, and 2004 42
2b Family planning and the fertility transition 42
2c Population growth rates by region (%) 42
2d Total fertility rates in selected Sub-Saharan countries, 2004 42
2e Desired family size in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, latest year available 43
2f Contraceptive method mix, selected countries, 2000–04 43
2g Sub-Saharan Africa’s delayed demographic transition 44
2h Projected fertility rates in selected African regions 44
2i Population projections—trends and uncertainty 45
2j The demographic divide: Nigeria and Japan 45
2.4a Of children who work, some combine work and schooling 61
2.7a Regional poverty estimates 73
2.10a Estimated impact of hiv/aids on education in three Sub-Saharan countries, 2005 87
2.14a In Uganda most births in rural areas take place at home 103
2.15a Deaths from diarrhea can be sharply reduced with improvements in drinking water and sanitation 107

 

3. Environment
Introduction 125
Tables
3.1 Rural population and land use 130
3.2 Agricultural inputs 134
3.3 Agricultural output and productivity 138
3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity 142
3.5 Freshwater 146
3.6 Water pollution 150
3.7 Energy production and use 154
3.8 Energy efficiency and emissions 158
3.9 Sources of electricity 162
3.10 Urbanization 166
3.11 Urban housing conditions 170
3.12 Traffic and congestion 174
3.13 Air pollution 178
3.14 Government commitment 180
3.15 Toward a broader measure of savings 184

Text figures, tables, and boxes
3a More than three-fourths of the 1.4 billion people living on fragile lands are in Asia and Africa 126
3b Water withdrawal is skewed toward agriculture in every developing region 126
3c Many more people lack access to an improved water source in rural than in urban areas 127
3d Sustainable management of forests is spreading 128
3e Use of fossil fuels continues to rise faster than that of other sources of energy 128
3f High-income countries are the leading source of carbon dioxide emissions 128
3g Sub-Sarahan Africa has the highest death rate from respiratory disease 129
3h More efficient use of traditional biomass is improving the lives of women 129
3i Use of renewable sources of energy is growing, but is still small 129
3.1a Ten countries with the largest forest area, 2005 133
3.1b Five countries had more than half the world’s forest in 2005 133
3.2a Irrigated lands have increased in all income groups and most regions, putting further pressure on water resources 137
3.3a The 10 countries with the highest cereal yield in 2002–04—and the 10 with the lowest 141
3.5a Agriculture uses 70 percent of freshwater globally 149
3.6a Emission of organic water pollutants declined in most countries from 1990 to 2003 153
3.7a In 2003 high-income economies, with 15 percent of world population, used 52 percent of world energy—and produced 41 percent 157
3.8a The five largest producers of carbon dioxide . . . 161
3.8b . . . differ significantly in per capita emissions 161
3.9a Electricity sources have shifted since 1990 . . . 165
3.9b . . . with a more profound shift in low-income countries 165
3.10a The urban population in developing countries has increased substantially since 1990 169
3.11a Selected housing indicators for smaller economies 173
3.12a The 15 countries with the fewest passenger cars per 1,000 people in 2003—and the 15 with the most 177


4. Economy
Introduction 189
Tables
4.a Recent economic performance 192
4.1 Growth of output 194
4.2 Structure of output 198
4.3 Structure of manufacturing 202
4.4 Structure of merchandise exports 206
4.5 Structure of merchandise imports 210
4.6 Structure of service exports 214
4.7 Structure of service imports 218
4.8 Structure of demand 222
4.9 Growth of consumption investment, and trade 226
4.10 Central government finances 230
4.11 Central government expenses 234
4.12 Central government revenues 238
4.13 Monetary indicators 242
4.14 Exchange rates and prices 246
4.15 Balance of payments current account 250
4.16 External debt 254
4.17 Debt ratios 258

Text figures, tables, and boxes
4a Fast growing—and backsliding—economies in 2004 190
4b Inflation, median annual growth of GDP deflator (%) 190
4c Real interest rates (%) 190
4d Accelerating regional growth 190
4e Raising demand for energy supplies 191
4f China’s data revision 191
4.3a Manufacturing growth trends for selected Sub-Saharan countries 205
4.4a Developing economies’ share of world merchandise exports continues to increase 209
4.5a Top 10 exporters in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2004 213
4.6a Top 10 developing country exporters of commercial services in 2004 217
4.7a The mix of commercial service imports is changing 221
4.9a Gross capital formation and government consumption are both on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa 229
4.10a Selected developing countries with large cash deficits 233
4.11a Interest payments are a large part of government expenditure for some developing economies 237
4.12a Rich countries rely more on direct taxes 241
4.15a Top 15 countries with the largest current account surplus, and top 15 countries with the largest current account deficit in 2003 253
4.16a GDP is outpacing external debt in Sub-Saharan countries 257
4.17a The debt burden of Sub-Saharan countries has been falling since 1995 261

5. States and Markets
Introduction 263
Tables
5.1 Private sector in the economy 266
5.2 Investment climate 270
5.3 Business environment 274
5.4 Stock markets 278
5.5 Financial access, stability, and efficiency 282
5.6 Tax policies 286
5.7 Defense expenditures and arms transfers 290
5.8 Transport services 294
5.9 Power and communications 298
5.10 The information age 302
5.11 Science and technology 306

Text figures, tables, and boxes
5a Africa had the lowest business environment reform intensity in 2004 264
5b Rural access index for selected low-income countries (% of rural population) 265
5.6a Excessive paperwork adds to the time that businesses spend complying with taxes 289
5.10a Europe and Central Asia had the highest Internet use among developing country regions in 2004 305


6. Global links
Introduction 311
Tables
6.1 Integration with the global economy 316
6.2 Growth of merchandise trade 320
6.3 Direction and growth of merchandise trade 324
6.4 High-income trade with low- and middle-income economies 327
6.5 Primary commodity prices 330
6.6 Regional trade blocs 332
6.7 Tariff barriers 336
6.8 Global private financial flows 340
6.9 Net financial flows from Development assistance Committee members 344
6.10 Aid flows from Development assistance Committee members 346
6.11 Aid dependency 348
6.12 Distribution of net aid by Development assistance Committee members 352
6.13 Net financial flows from multilateral institutions 356
6.14 Movement of people 360
6.15 Travel and tourism 364

Text figures, tables, and boxes
6a Trade spurs growth and growth spurs trade 312
6b Foreign direct investment is the largest source of external finance for developing countries 313
6c Aid is the largest source of external finance for Sub-Saharan Africa 313
6d New promises of aid and debt relief 314
6e Immigrant populations are expanding in high-income economies 315
6f Immigrants in oeCD countries are better educated 315
6.1a Trade in services is becoming increasingly important 319
6.2a Exports are growing in developing countries 323
6.3a Triangular trade in manufactures between China, selected other large east Asian economies, and the United States and Japan 326
6.4a Growing trade between developing countries 329
6.6a Regional trade agreements are proliferating 335
6.8a Which developing countries received the most net inflows of foreign direct investment in 2004? 343
6.9a Who were the largest donors in 2004? 345
6.10a Official development assistance from non-DaC donors, 2000–04 ($ millions) 347
6.11a More aid flows to developing countries 351
6.12a The flow of bilateral aid from DaC members reflects global events and priorities 355
6.13a Maintaining financial flows from the world Bank to developing countries 359
6.14a Officially recorded remittance flows are surging 363
6.15a International tourist arrivals reached an all-time high in 2004 367

Documents
Primary data documentation 369
Statistical methods 378
Credits 380
Bibliography 382
Index of indicators 389

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