The State of Food and Agriculture 1998

• Contents

• Information
• Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
• Glossary
• Explanatory note
  • Symbols
  • Dates and units
  • Statistics
  • Production indices
  • Trade indices

PART I

WORLD REVIEW

• I. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WORLD FOOD SECURITY
  • Current situation
  • Trends in undernourishment
    • Factors determining trends in undernourishment
  • Conclusion

    
     

• II. CURRENT AGRICULTURAL SITUATION  – FACTS AND FIGURES
  •  1. Crop and livestock production
  •  2. Food shortages and emergencies
  •  3. World cereal supply situation and outlook
  •  4. External assistance to agriculture
  •  5. Food aid flows
  •  6. International agricultural prices
  •  7. Fisheries: production, disposition and trade
  •  8. Production and trade of forest products

    
     

• III. OVERALL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT END AGRICULTURE
  •  World economic environment
    •  Implications for developing countries’ agricultural growth and trade
    •  LIFDCs with the lowest capacity to finance food imports

      
       

• IV. SELECTED ISSUES
  •  Feeding the cities
  •  Introduction
  •  Cities and food
    •  Urban demographic trends
    •  Factors determining food demand in cities
    •  Trends in urban food security
    •  Factors affecting urban food insecurity
  •  Food supply and distribution conditions in urban areas
    •  Problems of food distribution at the wholesale level
    •  Problems of food distribution at the retail level
    •  Higher cost and inefficiencies increase consumer prices
  •  Improving food supply and distribution efficiency in the cities
    •  Creating facilities for wholesale and retail markets
    •  Involving the private sector and developing new partnerships
    •  Improving credit access
    •  Reinforcing upstream producer organizations
    •  A favourable institutional environment
    •  Raising consciousness and changing perceptions in the public sector
  •  Integrating fisheries and agriculture to enhance fish production and food security
  •  Introduction
  •  The benefits of integration
    •  Optimal nutrient use through by-product recycling
    •  Integrated pest management
    •  Efficient use of water resources
    •  Use of biocides
    •  Eutrophication
    •  Alterations in hydrological systems
    •  Soil and groundwater salination
  •  Approaches to better integration
  •  Conclusion
•  Notes

PART II

REGIONAL REVIEW

• AFRICA
  • Regional overview
    • General economic performance
    • Agricultural performance
    • Developments in policies
    • Experiences in institutional decentralization
  • Uganda
    • Overview
    • Economic history
    • Macroeconomic conditions
    • Current conditions
    • Trade
    • Agricultural conditions
    • Agricultural issues and policies

      
       

• ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
  • Regional overview
    • Economic developments
    • Agricultural performance and issues
    • Issues and prospects for regional agriculture
    • Experiences in fiscal decentralization
  • Malaysia
    • General characteristics
    • Historical perspective on economic development
    • Structure of Malaysian agriculture
    • Perennial crops: palm oil, rubber and cocoa
    • Perennial crops: policy environment
    • Forestry
    • Fisheries
    • Food commodities
    • The financial crisis and agricultural policy
    • Conclusions

      
       

• LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
  • Regional overview
    • General economic performance
    • Agricultural performance
    • Agricultural policies
    • Programmes and measures in favour of agriculture
    • Privatization
    • Agricultural credit and financing
    • Consumer prices and access to food
    • Environmental protection: forestry
    • Experiences in institutional decentralization
  • Chile
    • General characteristics
    • Economic development and policies
    • Historical overview of Chilean agricultural development
    • Chilean agriculture in the early 1990s
    • Chilean agriculture since 1994
    • Concluding remarks

      
       

• NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
  • Regional overview
    • General economic performance
    • Agricultural performance
    • Water resource management
    • Policy developments
  • Islamic Republic of Iran
    • Macroeconomic context
    • The agricultural sector
    • Concluding remarks

      
       

• CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDIPENDENT STATES
  • Regional overview
    • Macroeconomic trends and agricultural performance
    • Progress in structural reforms in Central and Eastern Europe
    • Improving conditions for FDI in the agrifood sector in Central and Eastern Europe
    • Rural development: a pressing issue in the Central and Eastern European countries
  • Poland
    • Overview of the agricultural sector
    • Agricultural performance during the transition
    • Trends in food consumption
    • Agricultural price and trade policy
    • Other support for producers
    • Enterprise privatization
    • Accession to the EU
  • Hungary
    • Agricultural performance during the transition process
    • Differentiating trends in food consumption
    • Agricultural price and trade policies
    • Land reform and enterprise privatization
    • Food processing
    • Prospects of EU integration
• Notes

PART III

RURAL NON-FARM INCOME IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

• Introduction
• Reasons for household participation in RNF activities
  • Factors conditioning incentives and capacity for RNF activities
  • Linkages between farm and non-farm activities
• Patterns in RNF activity: inter- and intraregional differences
  • The importance of RNF activity – comparisons across developing country regions
  • The nature of RNF activity and interregional differences
  • The influence of zone type on RNF activity
  • Determinants of RNF activity: interhousehold differences
  • The effects of RNF activity on farming
• Effects of RNF activity on household welfare and income distribution
  • The RNF sector and food security
  • Effects of RNF employment on income inequality: entry barriers
  • Are income inequalities in the farm and non-farm sectors associated?
• Policy issues and implications
  • Macropolicies: necessary but not sufficient
  • Physical and social infrastructure and institutional reform
  • Missing links between agricultural policy and RNF development
  • Shifting crop and livestock research from a narrow sectoral to a broad intersectoral perspective
  • Adding a multisectoral perspective to agricultural and rural development policies
  • Enabling the poor to participate
  • Competition between small- to medium-scale RNF firms and large-scale firms
• Conclusions

  
   

• Appendix Table 1 – Rural non-farm income: studies reviewed
• Appendix Table 2 – Rural non-farm employment: studies reviewed
• Appendix Table 3 – Rural non-farm household income over income or land strata: studies reviewed
• Appendix Table References
• Notes

  
   

ANNEX TABLES

• Countries and territories used for statistical purposes

  
   

Boxes

• 1. External debt and financial flows to developing countries
• 2. Buying food in cities
• 3. Bangladesh: prawn farming in modified rice-fields
• 4. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic: rice-fish farming
• 5. Strong commitment to decentralization in Ghana
• 6. Fiscal decentralization in Pakistan
• 7. Fiscal decentralization in China
• 8. Malaysia’s land allocation programmes
• 9. Municipalization and people’s participation in Bolivia
• 10. Decentralization and municipalization in Colombia
• 11. Fruit export “miracle”
• 12. Price band system
• 13. Are all parastatals bad?
• 14. EU-Mediterranean partnership
• 15. The magnitude of farm/non-farm linkages
• 16. Focus on the role of infrastructure policy: comparing Taiwan Province of China and the Republic of Korea

  
   

Tables

• 1. Proportion and number of undernourished in developing countries, by region, 1992-94 and 1994-96
• 2. Selected socio-economic indicators associated with undernourishment
• 3. Trend indicators related to undernourishment
• 4. Agricultural production in Uganda, 1996/97
• 5. GDP by industry of origin
• 6. Agricultural value added, 1990-1995
• 7. Malaysia’s balance of supply and use for major food items, 1995
• 8. Production, imports and consumption of some major commodities, 1985 and 1995
• 9. Guaranteed producer prices, 1991/92 to 1997/98
• 10. Quantities and prices of major subsidized food items
• 11. Share of non-farm income and employment in total rural income and employment

  
   

Figures

• 1. Share of food groups in dietary energy supply by region and country groups
• 2 Percentage of population undernourished
• 3 Changes in dietary energy supply levels and incidence of undernourishment by income level in developing countries
• 4.a Supply/utilization trends in cereals
• 4.b Cereal carryover stocks
• 5. Commitments of external assistance to agriculture
• 6. Comitments by main purpose
• 7. Commitments by main recipient regions
• 8. Recipients of shipments of food aid in cereals
• 9. Export price index for foodstuffs
• 10. Export prices of selected commodities, 1994-1998
• 11. World fish catch and supply
• 12. Trade in fishery products
• 13. Main forest products
• 14.a Growth in world economic output
• 14.b Economic growth in developing country regions
• 15. Growth in world output and volume of trade
• 16. Composition of external debt outstanding
• 17. Rural/urban distribution of population, 1950, 1975, 2000
• 18. Projected population, 2000, 2010, 2020
• 19. Rice-fish area and fish production in China
• 20. Sub-Saharan Africa
• 21. Change in real GDP growth in Uganda 1965-70 to 1997-98
• 22. Sectoral distribution of GDP in Uganda
• 23.a Uganda: Major imports, 1996
• 23.b Uganda: Major exports, 1996
• 24.a Uganda: Production of major export crops, 1987-1997
• 24.b Uganda: Production of primary food crops, 1987-1997
• 25. Composition of Ugandan exports, 1990-1996
• 26. Uganda: Export earnings and world coffee prices, 1985-1996
• 27. Asia and the Pacific
• 28. Area planted to perennial crops in Malaysia
• 29. Malaysia: Consumer food expenditures
• 30. Malaysia: Domestic supply and utilization of cereals
• 31. Latin America and the Caribbean
• 32. Chile: Domestic supply and utilization of selected products
• 33. Near East and North Africa
• 34. Iran: Domestic supply and utilization of cereals
• 35. Countries in transition in Central and Eastern Europe and CIS
• 36. Poland: Domestic supply and utilization of cereals
• 37. Hungary: Domestic supply and utilization of cereals
• 38a. Non-farm share of rural household income and per caput GNP, selected countries in Africa
• 38b. Non-farm share of rural household income and per caput GNP, selected countries in Asia
• 38c. Non-farm share of rural household income and per caput GNP, selected countries in Latin America
• 38d. Non-farm share of rural household income and per caput GNP, low-income countries
• 39. Percentage shares of rural non-farm employment among economically active rural population
• 40a. Selected cases of a negative relationship between the share of non-farm income and total income or landholdings
• 40b. Selected cases of a positive relationship between the share of non-farm income and total income or landholdings
• 40c. Selected cases of other relationships between the share of non-farm income and total income or landholdings

  
   

Maps

• 1. Dietary energy supply levels
• 2. Changes in crop and livestock production 1994-1997
• 3. Countries experiencing food supply shortfalls and requiring exceptional assistance
• 4. Cities with populations of more than 10 million (megacities)
• 5. Uganda
• 6. Malaysia
• 7. Chile
• 8. Islamic Republic of Iran
• 9. Poland
• 10. Hungary