Focusing exclusively on economic growth and income generation as a development strategy is perilous as it leads to the accumulation of wealth by a few and deepens the poverty of many".
(From DESA News, vol 19, No5, Sept-Oct 2005)
Report on the World Social Situation, 2005:
The Inequality Predicament
Contents
Preface
Explanatory Notes
Executive Summary
Introduction
I. The case for focusing on inequality
- Linkages between poverty eradication and inequality
- Inequality and the economic dimension of poverty
- Inequality and the socio-political dimensions of poverty
- Structural reform, the public sector and inequality
- Universal access to education, health care and social
protection
- Patterns of intervention
- Conclusion
- Figure I.1. Policy framework: the three main pillars of social
development centred on equity and equality
- Figure I.2. Relationship between life expectancy at birth and the level
of public and private health spending, 2002
II. A spotlight on inequality: the informal economy
- A brief overview of the informal economy
- The attraction of the informal economy
- Reasons for the growth of the informal economy
- Linkages between the formal and informal economies
- Conclusion
- Table II.1. Size and growth of the informal sector in selected
countries,
by sex
III. Trends and patterns of inequality
- Economic aspects of inequality
- Income inequality between countries
- Income inequality within countries
- Poverty
- Unemployment
- Non-economic aspects of inequality
- Health
- Life expectancy
- Maternal and child health
- HIV/AIDS and other deseases
- Hunger and malnutrition
- Education
- Conclusion
- Figure III.1. Evolution of income inequality among countries
- Figure III.2. Per capita gross domestic product in the poorest and
richest countries, 1960-1962 and 2000-2002
- Figure III.3. Inequalities in life expectancy between major world
regions:
deviations of regional life expectancy at birth from that of
Australia/New Zealand, (1990-1995 and 2000-2005)
- Figure III.4. Distribution of all countries according to how far their
life
expectancy falls below that of Japan, 1990 and 2000
- Table III.1. Regional per capita income as a share of high-income OECD
countries’ average per capita income
- Table III.2. Distribution of countries according to trends in Gini
coefficients for income distribution between the 1950s
and the 1990s
- Table III.3. Poverty rates for the world, major regions, and China
and India
- Table III.4. Unemployment rates, labour force growth rates and GDP
growth rates for the world and major regions
- Table III.5. Levels of under-five mortality for selected countries and
between-country inequality indices
- Table III.6. Under-five mortality for countries with the highest and
lowest
rates, 1995, 2000 and 2002
- Table III.7. Immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months,
by country and selected background characteristics
- Table III.8. Differentials within and between selected countries in
access
to skilled medical care at delivery for children born three
years before the survey
- Table III.9. Adults and children affected by HIV/AIDS: the world and
major regions, 2004
- Table III.10. Women living with HIV: the world and major regions, 2004
- Table III.11. Percentages of total, urban and rural household
populations
with no education, by sex
- Table III.12. Inequalities in primary school enrolment: the world and
major
regions, 1998 and 2001
- TableIII.13. Inequalities in secondary school enrolment: the world
and
major regions, 1998 and 2001
IV. Inequalities and social integration
- Intergenerational dimensions of inequality
- Consumption, inequality and social integration
- Violence and inequality
- Violent crime
- Armed conflict
- Youth demographics
- Rape and child soldiers
- Domestic violence and slavery
- Fostering democracy and social integration
- Conclusion
V. The changing context of development and inequality.
- Globalization: asymmetries and the loss of policy space
- The impact of liberalization and stabilization policies on
inequality
- Financial liberalization
- Trade liberalization
- Financing the social agenda
- Official development assistance
- Innovative sources of financing
- Migrant remittances
- Domestic financing
- The peace dividend
- The role of the State and civil society
- Conclusion
- Figure V.1. Aid from all Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
donors as a percentage of gross domestic product: the
long-term trend to 2004
- Figure V.2. Aid from Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors
as a proportion of gross domestic product
- Figure V.3. Social sector spending among country groupings classified
by income
- Figure V.4. Defence and social sector spending in countries with the
highest defence expenditures
- Figure V.5. Defence and social spending in countries with the highest
social sector expenditures
VI. The way forward: policies to reduce inequality
- Redressing global asymmetries
- Intensifying integrated strategies and policies for poverty
eradication
- Guaranteeing employment opportunities for all
- Fostering social integration and cohesion
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